Based on literatures, trade jounals, and patents, this is reported on the whole field of polyglycerol fatty acid esters (PGFE).
PGFE are prepared industrially by polymerization of glycerol, followed by direct esterification or interesterification. The composition of them can be roughly analyzed by chromatography (GLC, TLC, HPLC).
PGFE are a class of emulsifiers with a wide range of hydrophilic-lipophilic characteristics, the properties and characteristics as emulsifiers are summed up as follows :
1) PGFE can prepare a very stable O/W emulsions in acid system, and W/O emulsions in watery system.
2) PGFE can improve properties of fats as crystalization inhibitor or crystalization promoter.
3) PGFE can decrease the viscosity of chocolate.
4) PGFE can prevent the retrogradation of starch.
5) PGFE have a bacteriostatic effect on gram negative bacteria.
6) PGFE can provid antifog effect to polyolefin films.
In addition, this indicates the applications and uses in food, cosmetics, pharmaceutical and other industries.

View full abstract

A procedure for the analysis of 1-alkene-1, 3-sultones, found in certain anionic surfactants as skin sensitizers was devised. These sultones are separated from surfactants by diethyl ether extraction, concentrated by preparative HPLC, and determined by GC-MS using negative ion chemical ionization and selected ion monitoring. Very small amounts of 1-alkene-1, 3-sultones are detectable, with a detection limit of 0.2ng.

View full abstract

Association behavior of water miscible butyl poly (oxypropylene) ether derivatives having polar dissociative functional groups on their terminal hydroxyl groups were investigated with their intermolecular interactions with water. Measurements of spin-lattice relaxation times by ¹H NMR and rotational correlation times of a spin probe by ESR in polymer/water system indicated that they behave in a manner similar to that of a reversed micelle or W/O microemulsion systems and are inverted to an O/W type through a transparent and viscoelastic gel stage. This finding was also supported by observations of their appearance and rheological properties.

View full abstract

The effects of surfactants on the oxidative deamination of amines by coenzyme PQQ (1) were studied. The cationic micelle provides a good environment for the oxidation, and enhancement of the rate in the oxidation of cyclohexylamine (more hydrophobic substrate) is much greater than that in the oxidation of benzylamine. Amphoteric (13), (14), nonionic (15), and anionic surfactants (16) are not effective. The rate of the oxidation is remarkably retarded using the cationic surfactants (7) and (8) having shorter lipophilic groups, and bulky N-substituents of the surfactants (10), (11), and (12) are also undesirable for the reaction. As a counter anion, bromide ion is better than chloride ion. Furthermore, hydrophobic PQQ-models (3) and (5) do not have as high reactivities as PQQ. The oxidation is thus considered to proceed in the electrostatic layer of the micellar surface.

View full abstract

The reactions of N-hydroxysuccinimide (1) with fatty acids (2) in the presence of N, N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) in dioxane gave N-acyloxysuccinimides (3) (CN=211) which were purified by fractional crystallization and silica gel column chromatography. The structures of (3) were determined by GLC-MS.
The reaction of (3) (CN=28) with an aliphatic primary amine in aqueous solution was studied kinetically. N-Acylation of the amine was competitive with decomposition of (3) and its rate is expressed as follows : V=-(k_{1, d}+k₂[Amine])[(3)], where k_{1, d} is the first order rate constant and k₂ is the second order rate. The rate decreased with increasing the length of carbon chain of acid residue (CN) in (3). The slope of log k₂ vs. pH plot was 1.0, indicating nucleophilic attack of the free amino group on the carbonyl carbon in (3). The rate ratio, k₂/k_{1, d}, was maximum at about pH 9. The ratio, 10^-3 k₂/k_{1, d}, was larger than unity for the reaction of (3) with primary amines containing straight chains. The above observations suggest a possibility of (3) be an N-acyl reagent of amino compounds in aqueous solution.

View full abstract

Fine and uniform oil-in-water emulsions were prepared by surfactant (D) phase emulsification.
Polyols were essential components for this purpose. To understand the functions of polyols, the solution behavior of nonionic surfactant/oil/water/polyol systems were investigated by the ternary phase diagrams of oleyl poly (oxyethylene) ether/liquid paraffin/polyol aqueous solutions. The addition of alkenediols: 1, 3-butanediol, 1, 4-butanediol, and 1, 2-propanediol, increased the solubility of oil in the isotropic surfactant phase and the mutual solubility between the aqueous solution and surfactant. The addition of other polyols : glycerol, polyglycerol 500, polyethylene glycol 400, 600, and D-sorbitol, had the opposite tendency.
Alkanediols have been found to give finer oil-in-water emulsions than those of the other polyols, and other polyols to be useful for emulsification by hydrophilic surfactants.

View full abstract

Antiredeposition of solid soil by Zeolite was studied to clarify the effect of Zeolite as a builder of detergent on detergent action. Carbon black was used as a model substance of solid soil. The degree of redeposition on a nylon cloth hardly changed even with addition of Zeolite. In the case of cotton cloth, redeposition clearly decrease with the addition of Zeolite. Zeolite was thus concluded to have effect on the antiredeposition of solid soil.

View full abstract