Various glycolipids differing in sugar residue content were synthesized and used for the hydrolysis of cellulose and amylose. The effects of a sugar residue on hydrolytic activity were assessed kinetically. All glycolipids hydrolyzed carbohydrates, the extent of hydrolysis depending on the configuration of hydroxyl groups of glycolipids. The hydrolytic activity of an indirect-type glycolipid was shown to exceed that of a direct-type glycolipid. The capacity for recognizing substrates of cellulose and amylose by indirect-type glycolipids, was the same as that of the corresponding direct-type glycolipids. The recognition of α-and β-1, 4-glycoside bonds was related to the stereochemistry of the hydroxyl groups on C-2 and C-3 of sugar residues of glycolipids.

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Molecular Interactions between Phospholipids and Sphingoglycolipids in a Lipid Bilayer were investigated by measurements of the micropolarity, microviscosity, microfluidity, and surface charge density of the liposomes.
Liposome formation was dependent on the concentrations of sphingoglycolipids and/or their sugar chains. Liposomal bilayer membranes were stabilized by the addition of suitable amounts of sphingoglycolipids. The absolute value of surface charge density of liposomes decreased with an increase in the concentration of sphingoglycolipids. The stability of liposomes modified by sphingoglycolipids was depended both on the ceramide and sugar chain involved.

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Two minor isoprenoid alcohols in the vegetable oils, geranylgeraniol and dihydrophytol, were determined by HPLC with fluorescence labeling. Geranylgeraniol was found to be widely distributed in these oils in this study as well as phytol but dihydrophytol was present only in cotton seed and kapock oil. Geranylgeraniol and phytol were largely reduced at bleaching step of oil refining. The amount of dihydrophytol in cotton seed oil did not change with bleaching or dewaxing. Dihydrophytol was charachteristic of cotton seed oil and change in its amount was negligible during the oil refining consequently, dihydrophytol could be used for detecting cotton seed oil or cotton seed oil strearin in mixed edible oil.

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The phospholipid content of Euglena cells and changes in lipid components during the preservation of harvested cells were investigated. Analysis of phospholipid content of cells cultured under heterotrophic conditions in the dark indicated phosphatidylinositol as well as phosphatidylcholine to be the major components of pospholipid, phosphatidylserine to be absent.
When cells were aseptically preserved at 25°C for 7 d, the phospholipid fraction decreased and free fatty acid fraction increased, possibly due to phospholipase reactions. Phospholipase activity was thus determined using phosphatidylcholine, which markedly decreased during the course of preservation, as the substrate. It was thus possible to detect phospholipase A, C, and D activity.

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A facile method for the efficient synthesis of 1-triacontanol, a naturally occurring plant growth stimulator, was established in which crossed Kolbe coupling of methyl hydrogen icosanoate with lauric acid in methanol containing potassium hydroxide is carried out in an undivided cell as the key step, followed by reduction of the obtained methyl triacontanoate with lithium aluminium hydride.

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The surface tension of aqueous dilute solutions of sucrose monopalmitate was measured as a function of surfactant concentration at various temperatures under atmospheric pressure. Specific behavior was observed that not indicate the surface activity by a certain concentration below cmc.
Such specific behavior was also demonstrated by change in surface tension with time. At the concentrations lower than cmc, the surface tension was initially relatively low, gladually increased, and finally became essentially the same as that of pure water with time.
At the concentrations higher than cmc, the surface tension decreased with time and finally become a constant value. The existence of the concentration region which is not indicate surface activity is assumed that the sucrose fatty ester is not absorpt the vapor-liquid surface because of dominant incorporation of the sucrose into water structure.

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Specific acylation of sterylglycosides with enzyme was carried out for 20 commercially available lipases. Lipase OF from Candida sylindracea indicated the highest acylation in chloroform and phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). In chloroform, lipase OF introduced saturated and unsaturated fatty acids with 8 to 18 carbons introduced into the hydroxyl group at the 6-position of sugar moiety. But the acylation of fatty acids branched at carbon adjacent to the carboxyl group proceeded with considerable difficulty. In phosphate buffer, unsaturated fatty acids were introduced to a greater extent than in chloroform, but still the acylation of saturated fatty acids proceeded to a lesser degree owing to low solubility in phosphate buffer. Reaction time longer than 96 h casused the formation of di-acylated sterylglycosides. A standard substance for determining acylated sterylglycosides could be prepared by the present method

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Reactions of symmetrically dimethylsubstituted benzopinacols and 1, 2-dipheny1-1, 2-bis (ρ-chloro-phenyl) -1, 2-ethanediol (5) with the DMSO-SbC15 (1 : 1) complex (Sb complex), afforded two Pinacol rearrengment products, ([A] and [B]), were obtained in the case of except for the reaction of 1, 2-diphenyl-1, 2-di-m-toly1-1, 2-ethanediol (3) in nitroethane.
X-C₆H₄-C-H₅C₆-HO-C-C₆H₅-OH-C₆H₄-X→X-C₆H₄-C-C₆H₅-C₆H₅-C=O-C₆H₄-X+C₆H₅-C-X-C₆H₄-X-C₆H₄-C=O-C₆H₄ [A] [B]
X : o-Me (2), m-Me (3), p-Me (4), p-Cl (5)
Higher product ratios ([B] / [A]) were achieved in the Pinacol rearrangement of (3) and 1, 2-dipheny1-1, 2-di-p-toly1-1, 2-ethanediol (4) with the Sb complex in nitroethane, compared to ([B] / [A]) using benzene as the solvent. ([B] / [A]), values were lower in the reaction of 1, 2-diphenyl-1, 2-di-o-tolyl-1, 2-ethanediol (2) and (5) with the Sb complex in nitroethane. ([B] / [A]) in the Pinacol rearrangement of these benzopinacols in nitroethane were essentially the same as those for the Pinacol rearrrangement using iodine-acetic acid.
The Pinacol rearrangement of benzopinacols with the Sb complex appeared to proceed via an intramolecular pathway.

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