The removal of unitary and the mixed oily soils of triolein and its hydrolysates such as diolein, monoolein and oleic acid from cotton fabric were examined by changing the surfactant and pH of the washing solution. Using various lipases having different positional specificities of hydrolysis, triolein soiled fabrics were washed by a surfactant solution containing lipase.
By a nonionic surfactant, monoalkyl deca (oxyethylene) ether (APE), unitary and the mixed soils of triolein and its hydrolysates could all be removed to nearly the same extent regardless of the kind of glyceride. By an anionic surfactant, sodium lauryl sulfate (SDS), diolein and monoolein were removed in preference to triolein. In alkaline solution, oleic acid could be removed most easily by formation of oleic acid soap, which promoted the removal of other glycerides present.
In the removal of triolein by SDS containing lipase at pH 7.0, lipases with positional specificity and which accumulated di- and monoglycerides in the reaction mixture were more effective than those without positional specificity producing considerable amounts of free fatty acid. In the removal of triolein by APE containing lipase, no significant difference in the extent of removal depending on the particular kind of lipase could be observed. These results agree well with those for the removal of triolein and its hydrolysates by a surfactant solution.

View full abstract

There was a marked difference between the thermal behavior of N-(perfluoroacyl) ethylenediamine (NF) with R_f=C₃F₇- or C₇F₁₅- and that of conventional N-acylethylenediamine (NH), heating to 100240°C under nitrogen gas.
At low temperature, the cyclization rate of NF was slower than that of NH. The kind of product depended on n in a structure (-CF₂-)_n, where the main product was N, N'-bis (perfluoroacyl) ethylenediamine (NB) when n=3 and 2-(perfluoroalkyl)-2-imidazoline (FI) when n=7. At high temperature, defluorination occurred with heating longer than 3h, and the rate was accelarated by the addition of CaO.

View full abstract

A rapid method has been devised for the GC-MS determination of double bond positions in monounsaturated fatty acids as their dimethyl disulfide adducts.
As a standard procedure for the single-step preparation of adducts, fatty acid methyl esters were incubated with dimethyl disulfide in the presence of I₂ as the catalyst for 30min. After the reduction of I₂ with NaHSO₃, hexane-ether mixture was added to the resulting system, and the upper phase was injected directly into a GC-MS. When the original esters contained a large quantity of polyenoates, TLC purification was used to remove contaminating by-products from the polyenoates before conducting the GC-MS analysis.
The adducts of monoenoates had relatively shorter retention times under the GC-MS conditions, and gave simple mass spectra and easily recognizable molecular ions. The cleavage between the methylthio-substituted carbons gave key fragment ions showing the original double bond positions in the aliphatic chain.
This method was applied to the fatty acid analysis of naturally-occurring lipids, such as chlorella, parsley seed and soybean lipids. The positional isomers, 14:1 (n-9, n-7 and n-5), 16:1 (n-9, n-7 and n-5), 18:1 (n-9 and n-7), and 17:1 (n-8), could be readily detected in chlorella, 18:1 (n-12, n-9 and n-7) in parsley seed, and 18:1 (n-9 and n-7) in soybean.

View full abstract

Four series (anionic, cationic, zwitter-ionic and POE nonionic) of surfactants with peptide joints were prepared from various N-dodecyl-α-amino acids (Scheme-1, Table-1). The aqueous properties (Krafft point, cloud point, cmc, surface tension) and gross effects (foaming, emulsifying, detergency) of these products were examined and compared with those of surfactants without peptide joints for each series.
The effects of peptide joints on aqueous properties were found to depend primarily on the hydrophobicity of the α-amino acid used (Table-6, -7). Glycine and alanine joints generally caused on increase in hydrophilicity and a slight change in cmc and surface tension for all series studied.
Some nonionics having hydrophilic peptide joints and shorter POE chains had both Krafft and cloud points in the temperature range from 2090°C and exibited high surface activity (Table-7). These nonionics were effective emulsifying agents (O/W) against relatively polar oils (Fig. -4) and showed good detergency (Table-8),
The surfactants with peptide joints were highly biodegradable.

View full abstract

Non-polar fraction of Malaysian palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) was isolated by the preparative TLC of unsaponifiable matter prepared in a short saponification time (2min). Combined GC-MS analysis indicated the presence of esters of fatty acids in PFAD. The occurrence of these esters was confirmed by their presence in the non-polar fraction isolated directly from the PFAD by preparative TLC and their absence in the unsaponifiable matter prepared in a normal saponification time (30 min). No explanation for the origin of the fatty acid esters in PFAD is given.

View full abstract