The biodegradation of linear alkylbenzenesulfonate-¹⁴C (LAS-¹⁴C) tagged with ¹⁴C at the linear side chain was studied on activated sludge by tracer method in addition to the methylene blue method which is widely employed in the biodegradation of LAS. It was found that there were three periods of rapid adsorption period, acclimation period, and degradation process. The radiolysis of dodecylbenzenesulfonate was studied on irradiating by 5000 Ci ⁶⁰Co source.
The decomposition products were identified by GLC and GC-MS spectrometry after desulfonation. 1-Tetralone, 1-indanone, 4-methyl-1-tetralone, naphthalene et al. were found in them.

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Correlation between crystal habit and the modification of crystals by growth conditions was examined by electron microscope, polarization microscope, and X-ray diffraction, using a single crystal obtained from 1-monostearin by a solution method.
1) The crystal growth from ethyl alcohol solution gave a single crystal of leaf-like pattern, the growth form was not uniform, and the steps on the crystal surface were irregular (Fig.-1). Crystal growth from benzene and carbon tetrachloride solutions gave a lamellar single crystal, forming polyhedral or rhombic crystals by the growth in a definite direction, and the crystal surface showed a two-dimensional growth in the direction of a and b axes and a pattern formed through a screw dislocation (Fig.-2, 3). Consequently, mechanism of the crystal growth of 1-monostearin can be explained by both the theories of growth by the formation of a two-dimensional nucleus and that by screw dislocation.
2) The long spacings of the single crystals grown from ethyl alcohol, benzene, and carbon tetrachloride solutions agree with the β-type long spacing of 1-monostearine. Therefore, the morphology of a single crystal is affected by the kind of solvent used, its concentration, and temperature of crystal growth, but these conditions have no effect on crystal modification.

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The simple lipids of five species of Polyporaceae (Phellinus yucatensis, Polystictus polyzonus, Trametes dickinsii, Grifora gigantea and Granoder leucophaeus) were investigated. The fatty acid compositions of the simple lipids were determined by GLC. The main fatty acids common to these species were found to be C₁₆-saturated and C₁₈-unsaturated acids. The sterol fraction was isolated from the unsaponifiable matter by column chromatography and its composition was determined by GLC. The main sterols were proposed to be ergosterol (G. gigantea) and 7, 22-ergostadienol (P. yucatensis, P. polyzonus, T. dickinsii, G. leucophaeus) from their mp, IR, GLC, and MS.

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In a previous paper, the acute toxicity of methyl linoleate hydroperoxides (LMHPOs) and secondary oxidation products on mice were reported histopathologically. In that paper, the authors noticed that LMHPOs and secondary oxidation products showed similar toxic effects, i.e. gross symptoms were observed in small intestine, liver, lung and kidney. Marked symptoms which were observed in tissues were necrosis, fatty accumulation, and congestive hyperemia. The present study was designed to clarify histopathologically the mechanism of chronic toxicity induced by autoxidized oils. Two kinds of autoxidized methyl linoleate were used for experiments, one contained hydroperoxides (AOML-1) and the other was secondary oxidation products rich (AOML-2).
Those autoxidized methyl linoleates were administered to mice orally in one-tenth or one-twentyth of the amounts of acute toxicity for 2 months. The mice were inspected during the feeding period. The died and/or survived mice were anatomized and small intestine, liver, lung, and kidney were separated immediately from body. The chronic toxicity occurred only when sample oils were administered over a definite amount (one-tenth of the amount of acute toxicity) to mice. The chronic toxicity was similar to acute toxicity in the symptoms. However, such symptoms were more severe than that of acute toxicity. From the fact that feeding of small amounts of sample oils had no detectable toxic effects, whereas they were toxic when sample oils were ingested in larger amounts, we noticed the existence of a barrier for the occurrance of chronic toxicity. From the results obtained, we conclude that the mechanism of chronic toxicity caused by autoxidized oils is almost similar to that of acute toxicity.

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In a previous paper, the acute and chronic toxicities on mice caused by autoxidized methyl linoleate were studied histopathologically. In that paper, we reported that the gross symptoms were observed in liver, lung and kidney. Especially, it was severe in small intestine. Marked symptoms were necrosis, fatty accumulation, and congestive hyperemia in tissues. This paper deals with the histopathological investigation of the protective effect of tocopherols (Toc) (d-α, dl-α and d-γ) on acute toxicity of autoxidized oils. Five diary oral doses 30mg/20g mouse/d of d-α, dl-α, d-γ Toc and 60mg/d of dl-α Toc were administered to male mice before the feeding of autoxidized methyl linoleate. Specimens of small intestine, liver, lung, and kidney were obtained from the dead and survived mice and microscopic examination was carried out. As the results, mice were protected from the acute toxicity of autoxidizted oils by prefeeding of tocopherols. Survival time and survivor increased and symptoms induced by autoxidized oils in tissues decreased remarkably. d-α Toc showed better protective effect than other tocopherols, however, twice dose of dl-α Toc was the most effective among groups. The effect of tocopherols against mortality and symptoms was not parallel to their antioxidant actions. These results suggest that the protective effect of tocopherols is not only due to their antioxidative activity but also by their physiological actions.

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Unsaturated nitriles were synthesized in good yields from 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one and active methylene compounds containing nitrile group. From methylheptenone and malononitrile, 2-cyano-3, 7-dimethyl-2, 7-octadienenitrile was obtained in 91% yield. The unsaturated nitriles were alkylated at the 3-position by various Grignard reagents. Furthermore, reduction and hydrolysis of these unsaturated nitriles were examined.

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Soybean oil was oxidized using 7, 000 lux fluorescent light for different time periods. The volatile compounds were isolated by bubbling purified nitrogen through the oil heated at 150°C and collected on activated charcoal. These compounds were extracted from charcoal with carbon disulfide and then analyzed by temperature programmed gas chromatography. The used oils were evaluated by expert panels. Good correlations were found between total gas chromatographic peak areas and the adjusted grassy flavor scores of the soybean oil. The threshold level of the grassy flavor in the soybean oil corresponds to about 400 expressed as total peak intensity ratio of the volatile compounds. The technique provides good reproducibility and is used for evaluating the commercial soybean oil during storage.

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