To identify problems in low-temperature home laundry in Japan, a wear-and-wash test for men's white dress shirts (cotton/polyester=35/65) was carried out at 25 households throughout the country, where laundry was done under typical conditions, using a spray-dried powdery detergent containing no special additive or enzyme. After the test, the quantities of sebum and protein remaining on shirt collars were measured, and residual soils were observed with an electron microscope. The quantities of sebum and protein were found to increase linearly with the number of wear-and-wash cycles. After an average of 14.7 wear-and-wash cycles, the collar of a shirt not washed contained 184.2 mg of sebum and 21.0 mg of protein on the average, and one after being washed contained 159.9 mg of sebum and 10.4 mg of protein on the average, thus showing unsatisfactory detergency. 96 % of residual protein on the shirt collars unwashed was water-insoluble keratin filaments of human horny cells, and water-soluble protein accounted for only 4 %. SDS-PAGE and transmission electron microscopy confirmed all residual protein soils on collars after being washed to be keratin filaments of human horny cells. Coefficients of correlation between visually judged cleanliness of shirt collars and the quantities of residual sebum and protein were about 0.65 and 0.50, respectively. Thus, residual sebum and protein determine to a considerable degree the cleanliness of shirt collars.

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Bis (sodium carboxylate) types of surfactants bearing a 1, 3-dioxolane ring were easily prepared by the acid-catalyzed condensation of diethyl tartrate [L(+) -, D (-) -, or DL-form] with dodecanal or fatty ketones, followed by alkaline hydrolysis without any expensive reagent and special equipment. The difference in the configuration of tartrates had little effect on the surface-active properties of the resulted bis (sodium carboxylate) compounds. These surfactants showed good water solubility, and they had greater ability to lower surface tension than the conventional sodium carboxylate. These compounds were easily decomposed into nonsurface-active species under aqueous acidic conditions due to the hydrolysis of the 1, 3-dioxolane group.

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Propoxylation becomes important more and more for making materials of urethane foam and surfactants in industry.
The actual production of polyether polyols for urethane foam amounted to 297, 750 t in 1990, and was estimated at 300, 000 t in 1991.
However, propylene oxide (PO) is one of a low-boiling-point monomer which reacts so fast at high temperature, that it is very important to know how to stop propoxylation when it becomes uncontrollable. In this paper, it was proved that runaway propoxylation could be stopped with dosing phsphoric acid in reaction mass.

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Examination was made of the reactions of aryl dehydroabietates and aryl homodehydroabietates with titanium (IV) chloride by varying the aryl group to phenyl, m-tolyl or the 2, 6-xylyl groups. The reaction proceeded in one of the three pathways (Fries rearrangement, decarboxylation and hydrolysis) depending on the structure of the aryl group and acid component.
Decarboxylation occurred in the case of phenyl and m-tolyl dehydroabietates, to give dehydroabietane. Fries rearrangement occurred in the case of 2, 4-xylyl and m-tolyl homodehydroabietates, and hydrolysis was observed for phenyl and 2, 6-xylyl homodehydroabietates.

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The synergistic antioxidant effects of tocopherol (Toc) with L-ascorbyl palmitate (AP) were investigated by the oven test at 60°C and AOM test using lard, palm oil, stripped safflower oil and fish oil.
1) In the oven test, AP showed a rather prooxidant effect but synergistically enhanced the antioxidant effect of the mixed tocopherols concentrate (m-Toc) on lard. On palm oil, AP inhibited oxidation and enhanced the effect of m-Toc. These effects became more pronounced with at increase in the amount of AP, particularly, AP more than 500 ppm, 0.02 % m-Toc was found markedly effective for inhibiting the oxidation of lard and palm oil.
2) Even the addition of AP with m-Toc essentially failed to inhibit the rapid rise in peroxide content of stripped safflower oil and fish oil rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids.
3) Such effects of AP were also observed in the AOM test, and were basically the same as those of L-ascorbyl stearate (AS).
4) In lard and palm oil, the remnant ratio of Toc after 20 d in the oven at 60°C increased with the amounts of AP and AS suggesting the protective effect of AP and AS on oxidative deterioration of Toc.

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Fish oils such as sardine oil, icosapentaenoic acid concentrated oil (EPA-25) and docosahexaenoic acid concentrated oil (DHA-20) were transesterified with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) prepared from the original oils by low temperature crystallization, in a enzymatic reaction system using immobilized lipase (Lipozyme) originating from Mucor miehei.
The optimum reaction conditions were : 6 times PUFA for EPA-25 by molar ratio, 30 % Lipozyme for EPA-25 by weight, 5% water for Lipozyme by weight, 2 h incubation time at 60°C, under which conditions the transesterification ratio reached approximately 32 %. The recovery of triacylglycerol was about 95 %, indicating competitive hydrolysis to be suppressed effectively under the conditions used and PUFA content of the triacylglycerol increased to 62 %.
Possibly as a result of the substrate specificity of Lipozyme, the transesterification ratio reached approximately 44% in the soybean oil-myristic acid system, this being 12% higher than that of the fish oil-PUFA system, EPA was more easily incorporated into triacylglycerol than DHA. The preparation of triacylglycerol with high DHA content was thus carried out by additional transesterification in the fish oil-PUFA system and the DHA content of the resulting triacylglycerol was 3.6 times that of the original fish oil.
Lipozyme could be recycled more than 20 times under the present transesterification conditions.

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The thermal oxidation of the thin film (thickness, 168 μm) of trilinolenoylglycerol (TLNG) on metal plate cells (Pt, Fe, Al, Cu and Ni) in air was carried out by thermogravimetric analysis and elementaly analysis. The weight of TLNG increased in the temperature range of 50°C to 200°C. Compositions of the weight-increased samples were determined by elemental analysis.
In the case of TLNG on Pt cell, 2 % and 4 % weight-increased samples (at 94 and 106°C) contained 0.6 and 1.2 radicals of the hydroperoxyl group to 1.0 mol of TLNG, no thermal degradation reaction was observed. The degradation reaction of C-C and C-H bonds in the maximum weight-increased sample (6.1 %) (at 130°C) took place. The oxidation reaction of TLNG and degradation reaction of the oxidative TLNG proceeded similtaneously at over 130°C, corresponding to the maximum weight-increased sample.
In the case of TLNG on the Fe cell, the oxidation reaction of TLNG was accelerated by the Fe metal cell.
In the case of TLNG on the Al cell, change in the composition of TLNG was similar to that of TLNG on the Pt cell.
For TLNG on the Cu cell, the thermal polymerization reaction of TLNG was acceralated by the Cu metal cell.
For TLNG on the Ni cell, the catalytic effect of Ni metal for TLNG was similar to that of the Al metal cell.

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Inomotosou (Pteris multifida Poiret) [I], Oobainomotosou (Pteris cretica L.) [II] and Hitotsuba (Pyrrosia lingua Farw.) [III] are plants belonging to the Polypodiacea family. The chemical compositions of the essential oils of fresh by ground materials of [I], [II] and [III] were examined by techniques such as capillary GC, GC-MS and IR used in combinations. Compounds 32, 31 and 40 were identified from [I], [II] and [III], respectively.
The major common compounds found in oils from [I], [II] and [III] were hexanal, vanillin, 4-hexen-l-ol, 1-hepten-3-ol, 3-hydroxy-2, 2, 4-trimethylpentyl isobutyrate, and those found in both oils from [I] and [II] were carbonyl compounds, alcohols and esters such as heptanal, vanillin, 1-hepten-3-ol, isobutyl isobutyrate, 3-hydroxy-2, 2, 4-trimethylpentyl isobutyrate and ethyl cinnamate.
The components included in oils from [II] were quite similar to those from [I]. Both oils from [I] and [II] possessed odor like green and seaweed, and oil from [III] had a greenish and fatty acid-like odor though no odor like that of seaweed.

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Two series of new compounds, N, N-bis [2- (N'-acylamino) ethyl] glycines (1) and 4- [2- (N-acylamino) ethyl] 2-piperazinones (2), were synthesized. Both series showed very good antimicrobial properties.

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The synthesis and surface active properties of sodium 3-alkoxy-and 3- [alkylmono (di) (oxyethylene) oxy] -2-hydroxy-1-propanesulfonates were investigated. Of all surface active compounds, those with a 2-hydroxypropyl (HP) moiety in the molecules were found more surface-active than the corresponding compounds without it.

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Fat stability test on autoxidation based on the conductometric determination method in place of the A.O.M. test was conducted at 9 laboratories.
This method was found not to be influenced by sample weights or quantity of water, although the results were affected by temperature.
It was necessary to calibrate the temperature of the heating block exactly and to maintain constant air flow during measurement.
Compared with the A.O.M. test, this method makes possible laborsaving, cost-reduing and time-reduction.
This method has been designated as the C.D.M. (Conductometric Determination Method) test by the auto A.O.M. Committee of the Japan Oil Chemists' Society.
It is a novel fat stability test that can be used in place of the A.O.M. test.

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