In this study, we analyzed the relationship between the nighttime illuminance of road surface and cycling behaviors such as driving speed, sight line angle, avoidance time of on-road obstacle. Based on the street experiments of 30 subjects, we found that the angle of sight line lowered when the road surface illuminance declined from 8.6lx to 3.5lx. In addition, when illuminance was 3.5lx, the obstacle avoidance time was reduced to approximately 0.3 seconds. This means that cyclists are hard to avoid the obstacles. Furthermore, the sight line of subjects who have a high awareness of road obstacle decreases when the road surface illuminance decrease.

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This study proposes a model of shopping destination choice behavior incorporating non-market interactions among neighborhood inhabitants, where the attractiveness of retail markets in a neighborhood is defined based on the interactions. In empirical analysis, we apply the proposed model to the shopping behavior of people who lived in newtowns in Hiroshima. The main contributions of this study are: (1) we model “local-aggregate” social interactions, while most existing studies only deal with “local-average” social interactions, (2) our empirical results indicate that endogenous non-market interaction effects exist even after controlling exogenous and correlated effects, and (3) an existence of multiple equilibria is not confirmed in this particular empirical setting.

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This study proposes a congestion pricing scheme using tradable bottleneck permits (TBP) and Pareto improving even if the revenue is not refunded to drivers. TBP scheme is originally one of the first-best time-varying pricing schemes, but does not always achieve a Pareto improvement when marginal utility of toll cost changes among drivers. This study aims to analyze the effects of TBP on departure time choice of drivers. In particular, we show the time dependent utility of drivers when they have different schedule flexibility and marginal utility of toll cost. The cases with and without TBP scheme are analytically compared. Then, we propose the TBP scheme which is Pareto improving without revenues refunded to drivers. We focus on a one-to-one network with a single bottleneck and employed a departure time choice model to discuss the case that there exists heterogeneity in schedule flexibility and marginal utility of toll cost. We assume two classes for two attributes as the heterogeneity respectively: “busy/free” and “rich/poor”, and formulated the drivers' utility changes caused by implementation of TBP. In this assumption, we show that a Pareto improvement is not achieved, where the utility of “busy-poor” group was decreased by the effect of TBP. We propose partial implementation of TBP as a scheme for a Pareto improvement. In this scheme, the bottleneck capacity is assigned to drivers with and without TBP, where the driver who has a bottleneck permit can pass through the bottleneck without congestion and a driver without it goes through congestion. As a result, we reveal conditions in the amount of the bottleneck permits which can satisfy a Pareto improvement. This study finally discusses the requirement for a Pareto improvement that was derived by the proportion of the amount of issued bottleneck permits, and the number of each class drivers.

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This paper proposed and improved an hourly OD flow estimation model from observed traffic flows based on time coefficients of daily OD flow by using the least squares estimator under a given daily OD flow through the application of time-of-day user equilibrium traffic assignments.
This model was applied to estimate the time coefficients of daily OD pairs within or outside the Chukyo metropolitan region in Japan separately. From the result of its application outside the region, it was demonstrated that the model could improve the accuracy of time-of-day traffic flow estimation, especially for large vehicles. Since the region was divided into six zones in the application within the region, the number of variables of the time coefficients in each model was set to two to twenty-five for each zone and direction. After trials of their applications of many patterns of the variables, the sixteen variables model within the region had best accuracy totally.

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The trip rate is a fundamental index in the field of transportation planning. It was supposed to be invariant during a long time period in the work of transportation planning. However, it was found to be declined in some previous works or studies, recently. Compared to the generations in other age groups, the early 30`s generation has more drastic trend of the trip rate reduction. This study investigates the variation of trip number of the early 30's generation with respect to their individual attributes. The questionnaire data and person trip survey data in the Kinki region are used for empirical study.
The major findings suggest: 1) income and owning a driver license impact the number of trip generation; 2) the trip rates of them owning a driver license and that of unemployed females reduce dramatically, although the trip rates of them were in a large number in former time; 3) these factors contribute to the reduction of trip number of them with multiple trips and that with limited trips.

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The purpose of this study is to clarify the effectiveness of MEV in Saitama, the metropolitan suburbs based on the demonstration tests in 2014.
Although the car depended areas are relatively less public transport coverage, aging population is just increasing in such areas, so they need to suffer from the difficulty of moving by themselves. In downtown, public facilities are widely spread, therefore, people should take a long walk from the central station to reach these facilities. Tackling these issues, we had two demonstration tests. The former was held at Kawai area in Iwatsuki-ward, where public transport is not convenient. In this test, people who took MEV class, could drive free two MEVs in the area. We found that older people tend to shop or go hospitals by MEV driving.
The second demonstration test was tried around Omiya Station, the central station in Saitama. We set 34 stations and put 9 MEVs in this area, and operated one-way car sharing system. As a result, we found that high percentage of people tend to use MEVs within the central area in the weekend and weekdays.

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It has been possible to establish flexible fare structure due to the spread of smart cards in public transportation, and therefore, many public transportation companies introduced variety types of fare system. The difference of the fare structures may affect not only to the revenue of public transportation companies but also to passengers' behaviour. Furthermore, it is expected to make use of smart card data to grasp passengers' demand as the number of smart card users are increasing recently.
Therefore, this paper analysed the relationship between the fare system and passengers' behaviour using the four weeks historical data of Oyster Card in London. The price cap system was paid attention as an example of the fare system. As the result of comparison of travel time and the duration of activity, it was revealed that the travel time of those who enjoy the price cap is significantly longer while the duration of activity of them is significantly shorter. In addition, as the result of the activity pattern analysis, the price cap can contribute to the diversity of passengers' behaviour.

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This paper describes the preliminary analysis on the resting behavior of expressway users by using electric toll collection (ETC) data. For the sake of the impact assessment of various traffic management schemes, we have been developing a mesoscopic traffic simulator which covers whole inter- urban expressway network in Japan. The simulator takes account of the dynamic route choice behavior of drivers and, for the further step, is expected to model the resting behavior during their trips. In this paper, we first analyze driver's total resting time during their trips utilizing ETC trip data and vehicular detector data, and then propose a macroscopic model framework of the total resting time based on the analysis results. Finally future subjects on the application of the proposed model are discussed.

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In this study, we apply the adaptive parameter estimation method to the positioning calculation of pedestrians on network by navigation satellite systems. Like the formulation of DDR which was proposed by Bierlaire and Frejinger, we formulate the positioning accuracy as the stochastic model and introduce into the observation model of general state space model. Then we estimate the positioning accuracy using sequential Bayesian filtering. The advantages of this estimation are follows. Firstly, we don't have to assume the positioning accuracy in advance of the estimation; it is enough to employ a uniform distribution as a prior. Secondly, we can estimate simultaneously the positioning accuracy and the velocity and route choice of the pedestrian. This feature is valuable especially when we deal with the pedestrian behaviour which includes the rambling or sudden change of speed and direction. We applied the proposed method to simulation data and confirmed the estimated results, and showed the improvement in estimation accuracy compared to the conventional method. At last we apply the method to the real data.

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Revision of evacuation planning in consideration of forthcoming Tsunami disasters is a key issue in Japan. For this, authors have developed a path-based optimal evacuation planning model using space-time-extended network (STEN) that minimizes time to finish evacuation under the assumption that paths possibly used are enumerated in advance. The developed model needs a huge computational resource and a more computationally efficient model is needed to implement the model to a real situation. This study develops a link-based optimal Tsunami evacuation planning model. Referring to Jarvis and Ratliff (1982), it is proved that minimizing total evacuation time on STEN is equivalent with minimizing a time to finish an evacuation. This ensures that the link-based optimal evacuation planning model minimizing a total evacuation time provides an answer to minimize a time to finish an evacuation. We compared the result obtained by path-based and link-based optimal evacuation planning model, and the superiority of the link-based model has confirmed. Also the newly developed model gives useful information about shelters and links via Lagrangian multipliers, and the effect of enlarging shelters is discussed as an example.

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CUE model (Computable Urban Economic models) is a tool for analyzing real urban economies and evaluating urban policies. In CUE model, utility level of household is formularized as household behavior model. households earn income by providing labor and consume composite goods and land services so as to maximize utility under given monetary and time constraints. Location Choice function is formularized as logit model based on household's utility. However, the statistical verification of the dispersion parameter are insufficient. Also, the dispersion parameter's value is set as 1 mainly on precedence research. So, analyses for Kobe city were conducted to validate validity of the location choice functions. Then, precision on long term prediction are low and impacts on adjustment item are high. However adjustment item is unclear logically. Therefore, 3 suggestions for improvement about location choice functions are given and the directions of expansion in CUE model are indicated.

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Ensuring the connection of the road network is an urgent needs in Japan where are a lot of disaster such as an earthquake or the guerrilla rainstorm. In addition, nowadays the effectively and deliberate road improvement plan is needed because of the financial difficulties. For this reason, it is necessary to evaluate comprehensively the improvement of the consolidated reliability of the road network and the cost for the infrastructure improvement.
Upon consolidated reliability calculation of the road network, this study is possible to avoid the ambiguity due to the approximate solution by calculating an exact solution, and reduces the calculating cost of the consolidated reliability by using the topology converting.

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For the purpose of the acquisition of the new user and the increase in user, various use promotion measures are carried out by the community bus. Today, The measure for the purpose of bringing up attachment and support awareness for the bus is worked on.
In such situation, it is that following two are important. First, evaluate a measure transversely and clarify the difference of the evaluation. Next, clarify about the relationship with the actual situation of the use and the evaluation and the attachment and support awareness to a bus.
In this study, we took up community bus “Taco-bass” of Akashi-shi, Hyogo as an example. We clarified the influence that the relation with the community bus such as the evaluation for various use promotion measures or the use of the bus, or the situation of the movement limitation, gave to support awareness, and showed consideration for the breeding of the support awareness.

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In this research, we focused about Saruhannai shopping shuttle bus. Saruhannai shopping shuttle bus is operated by local community organization and local store. This local store is providing free bus and own driver. Saruhannai shopping shuttle bus is operating between Saruhannai area and local store. Community Organization decided the bus schedule and spot of bus stop. Saruhannai shopping shuttle bus is riding about 15 people on average per flight. We focused and analyzed about variety of value of shopping and Quality of Life for marginal village people effect by using the shopping shuttle bus. As a result, it is shown that shopping shuttle bus improved user's Quality of Life. Many shopping shuttle bus user became feel that “My conversation is increasing by using the shopping shuttle bus” or “I am looking forward to Friday”.

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This study argues that shared taxi is a suitable public transportation solution for low demand rural areas in Japan. To investigate this issue we used questionnaire survey method and collected user preference on shared taxi -Himesayuri-. Further, we obtained information related to users' level of acceptance for ride shared-taxies. In the preliminary analysis, the study found that 80% of users are willing to travel by shared-taxies, however, some of the users reluctant to use shared-taxies with the different gender groups. Further, users highlighted that matching same genders resulted in a delay in overall journey. To investigate more on this issue, we performed Hayashi's quantification method II. Accordingly, the study found that most of users who do not satisfy with their current fare except users who use shared-taxies to visit a hospital. Further, results of the conjoint analysis indicated that male users predominantly concern is delay whereas female users primary concern is about gender difference when selecting shared taxi.

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It is very common practice for turning vehicle to share the crosswalk with pedestrian to complete their turning maneuver at signalized intersection. During this sharing it is expected that turning vehicle will yield pedestrian first. But accident data reveals that pedestrian are not yielded properly by turning vehicle at signalized intersection. This study objectives to analyze the likelihood of left and right turning vehicles accepting gaps towards pedestrian considering difference on pavement using logistic regression. Speed of turning vehicle on conflict area during accepting gap is also analyzed to address the severity of interaction occurred by accepting gap. The results show that driver on crosswalk with brick pavement shows more yielding behavior by rejecting smaller gap compared to baseline condition and red colored pavement.

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Understanding of human dynamics has drawn attention to various areas. The wide spread of positioning technologies using GPS facilitates location information to be obtained with high spatial-temporal resolution as well as at low cost. By collecting individual location information in real time, monitoring of human dynamics is recently considered possible and is expected to expand the area of dynamic traffic control in the future. In this monitoring, detecting anomalous states in human dynamics becomes important. This research aims to define an anomaly detection problem of the human dynamics monitoring with gridded population data and propose an anomaly detection method based on the definition. First we discussed the characteristics of the anomaly detection in human dynamics monitoring and categorized our problem to a semi-supervised anomaly detection problem that detects contextual anomalies behind time-series data. We proposed an anomaly detection method based on a sticky hierarchical Dirichlet process hidden Markov model, which is able to estimate the number of latent states according to the input time-series data. Results of the experiment with synthetic data showed that our proposed method, which detects anomalies by comparing posteriors of latent state variable, has good performance with respect to both detection rate and precision. Through the experiment with real gridded population data, high anomaly scores were detected at the time when train services had been stopped.

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This study demonstrates a bootstrap estimation of probability distribution of OD and link flows. We made a trial case study using Kumamoto Metropolitan Area person trip survey and had several findings: 1) OD flows of whole trip purpose follow normal distribution, but shopping OD flows do not follow normal distribution. 2) Link low distribution in links with fewer traffic or saturated links are skewed and not normal distribution. 3) The user-benefit distribution of new ring road is right skewed.

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Cascading failure is a phenomenon where a local failure triggers a global propagation of failures, leading to severe damage to the whole network. It is already shown that even if only a single node is broken, it can lead to catastrophic damage to the whole network. One important question is how we can control cascading failure and mitigate damage. One costless strategy of defense is known as Intentional Removals (IRs). We propose a developed strategy of IRs of nodes which is based on the concept of specifying nodes with low collective-influence and removing them intentionally right after a local failure in order to prevent the propagation of failures. This study shows that even if the tolerance of a network is very low, the damage can be mitigated greatly by carrying out our strategy. Also this study implies that our strategy performs better than the existing strategy.

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Route bus operation is affected by traffic jam, it's difficult to operate buses on time. Recent researches are subject to travel time reliability of road users. But there're few researches for travel time reliability in public transportation that has a diagram. Many researches on travel time reliability use Mean-Variance approach that uses mean travel time and travel time variables. This approach can't be used for public transportation directly. There're various travel time distribution when its mean travel time and travel time variance is the same.
So we try to evaluate travel time reliability on bus transit focus on delay time from diagram and its distribution. We got the bus operation data and show the variety of delay time distribution “form”. Next we made a survey to commuters who living along the bus route. This survey asks their behavior at com-muting and think about bus delay distribution. We made a Stated Preference Model for delay time distri-bution form and Revealed Preference model for mode choice of commuters. According to those result we show the effect of bus travel time reliability with delay time distribution form.

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In Thailand, paratransit plays a role as the dominant transport mode in many urban areas. Specially, Songtaew or a modified pick-up truck taking passengers on the back with an overhead cage and two row seats in the back that can accommodate up to 20 passengers, operates as a main public transport mode in many medium-sized cities of Thailand. This mode is popular because it is more flexible and cheaper than other transport modes particular for students who have limitation on mode choice selection. However, the study on school trip have not yet well understood. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to investigate user perception of Songtaew service focusing on examining the journey to school of the high school students in Khon Kaen City, the capital of the Northeast region. In the absence of statistics regarding school trip making in the city, a questionnaire survey has been undertaken to determine demographics, mode of travel to school, travel cost and duration, factors influencing transport modes of school travel and the student satisfaction with Songtaew service. Based on the analysis, the most of senior high school students who already have motorcycle license going to school by motorcycle. On the other hand, the junior high school students travel to school by taking Songtaew more than the other modes. For the student satisfaction with Songtaew service, the overall satisfaction reflects that generally all students who use Songtaew going to school are satisfied with Songtaew service. This study also recommend the future study more about the improvement of Songtaew regarding impact factors on their satisfaction, in order to maintain existing student users and attract new passengers. This improvement will make Khon Kaen City more sustainable and reduce the use of private vehicle especially motorcycle in the future.

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TGV operation began in 1981 and many major cities have received the full benefit of high-speed train service. In this study, historical trunk railway policy of France is reviewed and indicators of inter-city travelling time are analyzed for the purpose of making effects of high-speed rail network clear. The indicators are measured in 1963 that is before TGV introduction, in 1985 that is just after opening of TGV and in 2005 that is in spreading stage of TGV network.
As a result of this study, it was found that total user convenience have been greatly increased by upgrading train speed and improvement of wasteful time until 1985 and also found that it have been barely increased by expanding TGV network and worsening of transfer time until 2005.

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In this study, a novel analytical method of airline network efficiency is developed and is applied to African airline network. The results suggest that the improvement of load factor, lower fare, and waiting time can be achieved by aggregation of flight routes. The improved network has fewer routes but a larger number of flights compared to the current network. In addition, long-distance routes would decline, but short-distance routes would increase, which would generate the improved network with the hub and spoke form. Especially, the network efficiency can be improved by using some of North African cities as hubs of the network connecting Europe and Africa. In the scenario of demand increase in 2030, some long-distance direct flights can be more profitable than connection flights demand. It would make African cities lose their significance of the hub roles, increasing connection demand through European cities.

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It is ideal to choose the most suitable port for a shipper where one can realize quick, economical and secure logistics based on the premise of one's production, shipping and receiving schedules. On the other hand, we often see a common reason to choose a port such as “because it's directed by the trading company”. In these cases, it strongly tends to choose a Strategic International Container Port far away. We thought that figuring out the characteristics of choice behavior like the above-said would contribute to correct understanding of the requests to ports from shippers. Accordingly, in this study, we decided to search choice factors of ports by shippers by taking up the Chubu Region where there are many port choices compared to other regions as well as actual selection/usage of the Hanshin Port and the Keihin Port are recognized. In conclusion, it became clear that choice of pursing efficiency and the choice of being able to shift to other nearby ports hereafter coexisted in choosing the Hanshin Port and the Keihin Port, and furthermore it became clear that there was a necessity backed by history in choosing the Hanshin Port and the Keihin Port.

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“Guidelines for creating a safe and comfortable bicycle friendly environment” in 2012 adopted a policy that bicycle networks should be created mainly by bicycle lane type, and shared space on carriageway. Street design to secure safety sense of cyclists is needed because most of cyclists feel danger when they cycle on carriageway. The aim of this study is to build evaluation models from a viewpoint of bicycles' safety perception in order to clear the condition for the safety sense of cyclists in passing by vehicles. In conclusion, the effects by several features of passing vehicles and streets are measured, and colored bicycle lane itself can improve safety sense of cyclists even the distance and velocity of passing vehicles are same.

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In this study, a questioner survey targeting taxi companies in the Kinki region was conducted and features of companies which have entry intention into bus business were found out using the method of quantification type II. Additionally, contents of support which motivate them to enter into bus business were found out using Conjoint Analysis. As the result, it is cleared that 1)to support taxi companies to try new business and 2) to get middle-scale companies to have entry intention are important. Moreover, the necessity of subsidizing the balance between passengers' fares and gross expenses for at least five years and the validity of “Subsidizing costs of installation of IT system” which is promoted by the national government are made cleared.

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As street improvement for pedestrians has received more attention as one of measures for city-centre regeneration in Japan, it has become important to develop evaluation systems for designing roads to contribute to walking promotion. However, the conventional approaches have been applied only to evaluating individual physical factors of street environments without considering their comprehensive perceived factors that influence walking behaviours. This study aims to evaluate the quality of street, using the comprehensive perceived factors based on the hierarchy of pedestrian needs. It first develops the evaluation model to estimate the outcome index of quality of street with pedestrians' preference parameters and satisfaction levels for perceived factors of convenience, comfort, and safety. Then, using the data of a questionnaire survey in CBD of Takamatsu, 2 case-study areas are evaluated. The results show that pedestrian needs for street environments vary by age and visit frequency to CBD, and the quality of street is higher for groups with the higher visit frequency, if pedestrians are highly satisfied with the street environment.

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The paper presents a freight transport network equilibrium model with an urban cooperative delivery system explicitly being incorporated. The model takes into account the decentralised decision-making of shippers, consumers, and freight carriers as well as their interaction. These are mathematically formulated, and the equilibrium conditions to be governed in the whole network are derived. Two types of freight carriers are involved in the system, a consigned one and a contracted one, where the former fully or partly consigns the urban goods delivery to the latter. The model endogenously determined the amount of goods transported/delivered, and the carriages incurred for the carrier-operated and cooperative transport/delivery. Numerical examples are then undertaken, not only to validate the performance of the model, but to investigate the key factors for successfully implementing the cooperative system, focusing on the facility costs generated in delivery depots as well as on the vehicle operation costs incurred for the goods delivery in urban areas.

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In Japan, in 2015, the reference for physical devices was created, and district traffic safety measures have reached a major turning point. While measures of physical device is promoted future, the traffic safety measure by the color pavement is also popular. In this study, we examined the approval consciousness of local residents to the introduction of the color pavement as traffic safety measure.
As a result, in the introduction of the color pavement, it was revealed that awareness controlling vehicle speed by the color pavement are most affected. In addition, involvement with the local community and the way someone thinks about the residential street has affected to the approval consciousness too.

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Regarding bike traffic space, how to cope with mixed traffic on mounted sidewalk (i. e. bike and pedestrian traffic) has been a recent safety issue. In the prewar days, technical ordinances had evolved in order to cope with mixed traffic including slow moving horse carriages/ bikes, and growing high speed motor vehicles. Tracing such evolvement may be informative in view of current situation. This study focuses on evolvement in design thoughts of cross section in Street/ Road Structure Ordinance (SSO/ RSO), either separation or mixture in the light of increasing motor vehicles. Reference materials include technical ordinances both enacted and drafted, and related explanatory manuals and textbooks. Major findings are as follows: 1) Two types of design thoughts can be identified. Draft SSO (1933) basing on the separation thinking, prescribed high speed vehicle lane and slow speed vehicle lane. On the other hand, draft RSO (1935) had continued to adopt conventional thinking accepting mixed traffic in wide carriageway. 2) Postwar 1958 RSO continued to prescribe slow speed vehicle lane as well as wide carriageway. 1970 RSO abolished slow speed vehicle lane in the light of decreasing slow speed vehicles, and prescribed lanes for high-speed vehicles in the light of sharply increasing motor vehicles. 3) Regarding bike traffic space, draft SSO (1933) abolished separate bicycle tracks as prescribed in the original 1919 SRO, and accepted bike traffic in slow speed vehicle lane. On the other hand, 1970 RSO prescribed two types of bike traffic space; (a) separated bicycle tracks on carriageway, (b) bicycle/ pedestrian track on mounted sidewalk. The recent 2012 Guideline prescribed 3 types of bike traffic space, depending on traffic speed and traffic volume. 4) Thus, the design thoughts of cross section in SSO/ RSO and Guideline has been evolved over years, either separation or mixture of vehicle traffic.

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To realize more efficient utilization of inter-regional public transportation network, it is indispensable to evaluate the transportation network properly. The transportation network has multiple and contradicting social requirements, such as, the improvement of the convenience, the reduction of the environment load, and so on. Therefore, this study develops a method for inter-regional transportation network evaluation method, using mathematical multi-objective optimization. Subjecting to the inter-regional public transportation network in Japan, some optimized pareto solutions composed of frequency of service on each link are calculated by multi-objective genetic algorithm. The results imply that multi modal service supplying among railways, airplanes and express buses can be effective to improve the mobility of the whole inter-regional transportation network and to decrease CO₂ emissions simultaneously.

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The purpose of this study is to clear problems of the leisure traffic. This study performed video observation survey and user questionary survey at “Senba Lake”. From the video observation survey, it was pointed 13 behavior patterns of the leisure traffic. In particular, the “side-by-side moving”, “passing”, “traffic space invasion” and “closely distance” are frequently occured. From the questionnaire survey, this study analyzed the unpleasantness degree of the behaviour of the user. As a result, it is indicated that more than 70% of the user had problems such as “side-by-side moving” and “traffic space invasion”. More than 80% of the user needed “traffic space division between the walker and the cyclist” in the rule-manner. The user expected the individual application of the rule-manners.

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Transport in Taiwan is characterized as highly motorized private transport with motorcycle in high dense CBD. Under such situation, the first ever LRT project in Taiwan has been approved in the southern port city Kaohsiung in December 2012, and the first phase of LRT is expected to complete within 2016. This study aims at finding the project promotional factors and the issues faced in the process between project planning and tendering.
As a result of literature research and interview survey to the project related persons in the central and local government in Taiwan, it was found that the major issues are “Route Planning”, “Project Evaluation Process”, “Perception Gap”, “Change in Investment Environment” and “Consensus Building with Residents”. Kaohsiung City Government considered that the project is realized by Public-Private Partnership scheme; however, it was not realized due to the external environment such as global financial crisis in 2008 and the deceleration of Japanese economy by Tsunami disaster in Japan. Under such situation, the construction work was successfully started in 2012. One of the reason why it could proceed to ground breaking is to effectively utilize the circular disused railway space. Moreover, Kaohsiung built the consensus by continued and persistent dialogue with stakeholders, although most stakeholders were opposed to the project at the beginning of the project.
Several lessons learned are obtained from Kaohsiung LRT project, and these experience and knowledge could be adopted to other Asian countries where highly densed and highly motorized.

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In Japan, reorganization of road network into functionally hierarchical form becomes more important so as to efficiently improve travel performance between centers where daily-life and/or urban services are provided. This study aims at investigating the appropriate composition of a functionally hierarchical road network which can achieve the target travel times set for various connections of centers in the subjective region. Here, composition is defined as a combination of the number of hierarchical road levels, target travel speed, road spacing and access spacing of each road level. In this paper, alternatives of such a composition are derived by considering the impact of road crossings as well as roadside access. At the end, a case study is conducted in Tokaido region, Japan, and travel performance indices, namely travel time and average travel speed, between various types of centers are estimated under each alternative composition of a functionally hierarchical road network. The result shows that road level with higher travel speed (i.e., 50~60km/h) can significantly work especially for the communities in peninsula and mountainous rural area by enhancing the accessibility to urban centers.

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Voters will have concerns on political and social issues. Thus, they will also have interest in transportation planning and their response rate of travel survey will be higher. This study compares voting rate and participation rate of travel survey and investigate whether the voting rate data is applicable to travel analysis. We compare the response rate of 2012 Kumamoto Person Trip survey and several voting rate of several elections and have several findings: Both voting rate and response rate of elderly are similarly high. Correlation between response rate and voting rate is positive and introducing voting rate into participation choice model of travel survey improve the model fitness.

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BRT which are introduced in the developing countries mainly enable to transport the passenger volume as much as rail-based transport system cheaply by operating the articulated bus which have more riding capacity. However, the heavy weight of articulated bus cause damage to the road pavement of bus exclusive way, and will lead to increase the pavement maintenance cost. This study showed the transportation volume that the pavement design which is anticipated the operation by bus having bigger riding capacity enabled to decline the pavement maintenance cost. Second, if it is anticipated more transportation demand and bigger riding capacity of bus vehicle, it is showed that the cost reducing rate by paving concrete to the stopping part is more bigger than asphalt pavement on the all part. Finally, if it is estimated to increase more transportation demand and change to the bus having bigger riding capacity in operating period, it is showed that pavement design considering the riding capacity and the kind of pavement material enabled to reduce the increase of pavement maintenance cost.

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Light Rail Vehicles generate lower noise and vibration than traditional streetcars but the feature increase a possibility that pedestrians can't aware of approaching LRV on downtown streets. In this study, sound pressure levels of running LRV on transit malls are measured and it was analyzed from a viewpoint of sound level that what kind of timing was selected for crossing the track.
As a result, it was found that excess of LRV noise over the minimum background noise of the street reduce crossing pedestrians, and LRV noise over ordinary street background noise cuts off crossing pedestrians.

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Recently, efforts for ensuring road traffic safety for children are deployed increasingly. For establishment of the effective traffic safety measures and education, we need to understand the children's ability to adapt to real traffic society appropriately, changing according to children's stage of development. In previous study, the authors verified the children's ability of road crossing decision against the distance and velocity of the approaching vehicle, taking an experimental approach for elementary school students on the community road. As the result, the elementary school students were not able to decide to cross the road taking the velocity of the approaching vehicle into account properly. Taking the practical approaches to children on the actual road in the city and the roles of parents and community people are very important for the implementation the sustainable safety education. In this study, the effects upon parents of information provision about the characteristics of the road crossing decision of children were examined based on the awareness questionnaire. It has been found that there is the gap between parents' consciousness and the actual situation of the children's ability and importance of sharing the proper recognition.

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In the previous study, the authors proposed a matching system of relief supplies. In this system, efficient assignment, distribution and inventory plans of relief supplies are developed based on the information regarding the demands and the available supplies to donate, inputted by the organization in the affected area and those outside the affected area, respectevely. This system is effective in avoiding the confusion in the process of humanitarian logistics. But, the formulation of distribution phase of relief supplies was too simplified, especially vehicle routing problem was not considered. In this study, we extend the matching system to make it possible to make the efficient vehicle plan in addition to assignment plans and so on. By combining the algorithm proposed by Yi and Ozdamar, we develop a new matching system that is suited for the practical use. Through the case study, we investigate the characteristics of the proposed system.

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Participants of town planning activities are biased to the elderly in many municipalities. Therefore, there is an urgent need to promote the participation in the community of middle age men, viewed from the perspective of the development of the successor. Elementary school can be mentioned as one of the places that connect the middle age men and community. In fact, the role of elementary school in community activities became important by increase contact community and school and diversification of activities patients. In this study, I examined about useful existence of activities patients for promoting community participation of middle age men by web research. In results, it revealed that network formation has contributes to raising awareness community participation and activities frequent contact with adult have particularly high effects for it. When they are young , it is important to make network and when they are old ,it is important to continue activities , it has suggested.

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For the purpose of enhancing road markings to prevent speeding on curved road, we focused on a deceleration effect of array patterns of transverse and lateral marking on a straight section of roadway leading into a transition section of the curved road. We tested the effectiveness of several array patterns through two in-house experiments, i.e. a driving-simulation experiment with driving simulator and a speed-perception experiment with recorded moving pictures. We estimated trends in spot speed that was perceived by a driver (test subject) who went into the curve entrance under the influence of the array patterns, by using hidden Markov model on the estimation, so that we examined a discrepancy between the perceived speed transition and the vehicle speed transition. The experimental results concluded that, (1) there existed the array patterns providing driver's underperception to vehicle speed according to changes in road curvature, and (2) such risk showed that the array-pattern type which had greater decrease rates in the end or beginning section than in remaining sections was encouraged to be laid on the curved road.

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Supporting the environment for households with children and making balance between their families and jobs are positively discussed in Japan.
Since travel behavior of households with children has been diversifying based on their working condition, household circumstances and children's growth situation, the measures for supporting them have been also making more diverse and complication.
Therefore, this study aims to conduct questionnaire survey to households attending nursery school and kindergarten to analyze the factors of load of mobility.
As the result, this study could be clarified the factors of load of mobility such as behavior conscience, the households situation and the locational condition and then could be shown that these factors affect the load of mobility by using covariance structure analysis quantitatively. Furthermore, these same factors influence the usage factors of measures for supporting mobility by using quantification theory type II was also confirmed.

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Most of the congested airports in the world limits the number of airport slots based on the runway capacity. Runway capacity is usually calculated by some statistical methods considering runway layout, aircraft fleet mix, observed runway occupancy time and so on. Another way is to use simulation method. In Japan, statistical method has been used and one of the assumption in the capacity calculation is that the aircrafts sequencing is statistically random. The sequencing of the aircrafts in terms of departure and arrival and wake turbulence category (heavy, medium, light) is well known to be important factor to change the runway capacity. Actually air traffic controllers may change the sequencing of the aircrafts to enhance the efficiency of the runway operation. Therefore the actual sequencing must be considered to some extent for calculating runway capacity (or slots). In this study, the actual sequencing of the aircrafts in Narita and Haneda airport in Japan are analyzed by using aircraft trajectory data which is open from the Japanese government, and we consider the appropriate assumption of aircraft sequencing in determining runway slots.

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Under the severe fiscal situations, it is necessary for the regional railways in Japan to manage operation costs considering of their features: railway equipments, vehicles, number of scheduled trains, and so on. In this study, targeting on the regional railways in Japan, we analyzed the relationship between operation cost and their features using multiple regression analysis. Compared to previous research, we took the total travel time of trains into account as well as the total travel distance of trains.
As a result, we figure out the correlation between operation cost and their features in 5 categories: driving costs, service costs and maintenance costs of tracks, electrical equipments and vehicles. Besides, it is demonstrated that focusing on traveling time of train is necessary to analyze the operation cost of train.

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This study firstly analyzes the characteristics of logistics flow network pattern to/from the logistics firms in different prefectures in Tokyo metropolitan area, and the different logistics flow patterns can be observed especially for agricultural and marine products. Secondly, the location choice model for logistics firms considering logistics flow conditions of each firm are developed by multinomial logit model. The estimated model indicates that the logistics flow condition (transport cost condition) has significant impact on the location choice and the explanatory power of the model can be enhanced significantly by considering it. Also, it is found that the impact of the logistics flow condition on the location choice differs depending on whether the goods origins and destinations are fixed or not.

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Almost commuter trains have recently suffered from frequent delays in morning period in Tokyo metropolitan area, and this reasons are, that the bottlenecks caused by increases in the stopping time, high volumes of boarding/disembarking passengers, and differences in line capacity limits between different lines on the same track, therefore trains have delay occurs.
The aim of this study is to estimate train boarding door choice model for knock-on urban train delay simulation. This model can be estimated volumes of boarding/disembarking passengers due to passenger demand and structure design of the each station such as number of stairs and location. As a result, train boarding door choice model which this could be estimated using logit model, and stopping time could be calculated using agent simulation model.

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In an aging society with fewer children, promoting a safety and security environment for people with infants is growing more important. This study focuses on improving walkability, and the questionnaire survey for people with infants was carried out in Fukuoka city.
Behavior of people with infants and the consciousness on street were examined. The results shows that the relationships between street structures and security mind using binomial logistic regression and rough set analysis.

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Unlike sighted people, visually-impaired people cannot use a high performance pedestrian navigation system. Therefore, they must ask sighted people to take them to a place to which they have never walked before. And, they cannot know peripheral facility and scene in a place walking in everyday life. In this way, a digital divide occurs between visually-impaired people and sighted people.
The purpose of this study is to revise verbal map guidelines that show rules for describing features in a town to enhance everyday mobility. Therefore, this study figures out feature information visually-impaired people use in everyday life.
This study presents a review of earlier studies and related studies, and make a speech augmented reality (AR) application. Because a speech AR application can get information only for hearing, it is available to visually-impaired people like sighted people using a AR application. Then, two kinds of field experiments are conducted. The first experiment is a monitor experiment and has visually-impaired people use a smartphone which implemented a speech AR application in everyday life. The second experiment is a site experiment and has them use a pedestrian navigation system and walk in a course we set according to it. Finally, from the hearing result of those experiments, verbal map guidelines are revised.
This study shows a pedestrian navigation system necessary for visually-impaired people considering daily mobility needs. This system will lead to the early practical use and expansion possibility of a pedestrian navigation system for visually-impaired people.

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This study considered the risk of traffic accident occurrence depending on the different bicycle's traffic pattern: right- and left-hand traffic, roadway with cars and sidewalk with pedestrian. The data of the traffic volume and traffic accident in Chiba Toukatsu area were used for reference. The study results showed the rates of bicycle accident were varied with bicycle's traffic pattern. For example, traveling bicycle in roadway with right-hand traffic had 2.8 times higher accidents than traveling bicycle in roadway with left-hand. Also the results showed traveling bicycle on sidewalk with right-hand traffic had 2.7 times higher accidents than traveling bicycle on sidewalk with left-hand. And the rate of accidents when bicycles use roadway traffic was 3.0 times higher than when use sidewalk. Under the present traffic law, the analysis of the above rates suggested that better environment should be prepared for more safe roadway for bicycles.

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In recent years, barrier-free of public transportation facilities is promoted and sign systems also make progress. However, some people with low vision and elderly people hard to use some guiding signs because they cannot get near these signs. The purpose of this study is to verify the effect of graphic floor signs from a viewpoint of visual search characteristics of elderly pedestrians. An experiment was carried out around a railway station by elderly pedestrians wearing an eye tracking system. As a result, the graphic floor signs had lower marks by elderly participants for an inducibility than that of ordinary suspended signs. On the other hand, the signs had higher marks for a readability and get good impressions that the signs were useful for themselves. Moreover, after they found one of the signs, their visual search characteristics tended to change to pay more attention to the road surface. In addition, the difference between elderly and younger pedestrians was verified by comparison to our previous research. It was found that elderly pedestrians enabled to read guiding information from the graphic floor signs although their average gaze time and average discovery distance of the signs were shorter than that of younger pedestrians.

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