Effects of three kinds of diets, high carbohydrate (HC), isoenergetic high fat (HF₁), and highenergetic high fat (HF₂) on dietary energy and protein utilization were studied for Fischer rats at ambient temperature of 23°C or 8°C for 21 days. All of the three experimental diets contained 15% of casein as energy source. Only HF₁ contains high level of cellulose of which energy content is equal to that of HC. To clarify effects of energy dilution by cellulose in the high fat diet, this study was conducted in the cold environment in which rats consumed more energy.
In all the experimental groups, the levels of body weight gains for 21 days were almost the same. However, the high fat diets caused significant increase in body fat and decrease in body nitrogen retention as compared with that of HC at 23°C. All the rats at 8°C showed significant decrease in body fat. The extent was the greatest in rats fed HF₁. The body nitrogen retentions were almost the same in the three dietary groups at 8°C. The apparent protein digestibility of HF₁ group was significantly lower than that of the others, while the apparent fat digestibility did not change in HF₁ and HF₂. The cold environment did not affect the digestibilities of fat and protein. These results suggested that cellulose might decrease body fat of rats fed HF₁.

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The physical status and food intake were examined for the healthy 61 boys and 33 girls (6-15years old) living under the institutional care in Osaka City in August, 1974. Urine and feces of the subjects were also collected for the nitrogen balance study.
Positive nitrogen balance was observed except for one subject who showed almost zero balance. The correlation between nitrogen intake and nitrogen accumulation per day or body weight was significantly positive in boys, but the correlation was observed only between nitrogen intake and nitrogen accumulation per body weight in girls. Age or body weight of children showed significant inverse correlation with nitrogen accumulation per body weight regardless of sex.
Protein intake per body weight differed between boys and girls of 12 to 15 years of age; less in girls. From the fact that the physical development was well in all the subjects, it seemed that their protein intake was adequate.

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Potato starch-granules were air-classified into small, medium and large fractions. These starches showed similar X-ray diffraction pattern, chain-length distribution of amylopectin and amylose content. By differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), the recovery temperature associated with gelatinized of small-granules was higher than that of large-ones and the enthalpy energy for gelatinization of small-granules was less than that of large-ones.
The digestibility of large potato starch-granules by hog pancreatin was lower than that of small ones. Rats were fed on the diet containing 50% of either large or small potato starch-granules and native ones for 6 days. The apparent digestibility of each granules was 19, 49 and 33% of large-, small- and native-ones, respectively. Pancreatic amylase activity of rats fed on the large particle diet decreased more than that of rats fed on either pregelatinized potato starch or small particle diet.

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In order to examine the antioxidative activities of protease-hydrolyzates of Maillard reaction products of proteins with sugars, we compared the antioxidative activity of ovalbumin-glucose browning products (OVG_I) hydrolyzed by papain with that of ovalbumin hydrolyzed by papain (OV_I).
We also examined the antioxidative activities of the browning products of ovalbumin hydrolyzates by proteolytic enzymes, with glucose (OVG_II) and without glucose (OV_II).
The antioxidative activity test was done by the measurement of the peroxide value of samples which were added into linoleic acid solution dissolved with 40% ethanol and incubated at 45°C.
The results obtained were as follows :
1) Each sample indicated some antioxidative activity, especially OVG_II obtained by hydrolysis with pronase showed more potent antioxidative activity than OV_II and OVG_II obtained by hydrolysis with papain.
2) Each sample indicated strong synergistic antioxidative effects with tocopherols.
3) Increment effect for the antioxidative activity of OVG_I obtained by browning reaction with glucose was weak but that effect was clearly observed in the case of the browning reaction systems (OVG_II) after the pronase-treatment.

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Contents of benzoic acid in 3, 319 foods, dehydroacetic acid in 1, 468 foods, propionic acid in 1, 160 foods, and esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid in 2, 424 foods were analyzed for the samples collected at Sapporo, Sendai, Tokyo, Kofu, Nagano, Osaka, Wakayama, Matsue and Kitakyushu from 1976 to 1981. The average intakes of these preservatives were calculated with using the results of the “National Nutrition Survey” carried out in 1980 by the Ministry of Health and Welfare. The total daily intakes per capita of benzoic acid, dehydroacetic acid, propionic acid and esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid were respectively 10.9 mg, 0.595 mg, 17.5 mg and 1.01 mg. When the analysis of the four preservatives were conducted in the 9 cities for one week on meals prepared according to the model menu, the aver- age daily intakes were respectively 0.400 mg, 0 mg, 0.177 mg and 0.141 mg. FAO/WHO evaluated the ADI of benzoic acid as 5 mg/kg, and esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid as 10 mg/kg, and assuming the average body weight of Japane e adult as 50 kg, it is allowed to take 250 mg of benzoic acid and 500 mg of esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. Accordingly, it was found that the daily intakes of benzoic acid and esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid in Japan corresponded to 0.2-4.4% and 0.03-0.2% of the each ADI respectively.

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Sulfur dioxide and sulfite are permitted to be used for almost all kinds of food in Japan. Contents of sulfur dioxide were analyzed in 11, 453 foods collected at Sapporo, Sendai, Tokyo, Kofu, Nagano, Osaka, Wakayama, Matsue and Kitakyushu from 1976 to 1981, and sulfur dioxide was detected in 5, 933 foods (51.8%). The average intake of sulfur dioxide was culculated with using the results of the “National Nutrition Survey” carried out in 1980 by the Ministry of Health and Welfare. The total daily intake per capita of sulfur dioxide was 21.0 mg. When the analysis of sulfur dioxide for one week on meals prepared according to the model menu were conducted in the 9 cities, the average daily intake was 0.167 mg. FAO/WHO evaluated the ADI of sulfur dioxide as 0.7 mg. Accordingly, it was found that the daily intake of sulfur dioxide in Japan corresponded to 0.5-60.1% of the ADI per 50 kg of weight.

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According to the market basket studies proposed by the Ministry of Health and Welfare, the same-kinds of foods were collected at Sapporo, Sendai, Tokyo, Kofu, Nagano, Osaka, Wakayama, Matsue and Kitakyushu in November 1982, divided into 8 groups of foods and contents of 48 kinds of food additives were analyzed. Total daily intake of 48 kinds of food additives was 119.8mg, and intakes of each food additive per capita per day were 43mg of propylene glycol, 36.3mg of sorbic acid, 35.5 mg of nitrate, 1.44mg of benzoic acid, 1.3mg of glycyrrhizine, 0.91mg of sodium saccharine, 0.60 mg of propionic acid, 0.23mg of esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, 0.19mg of dehydroacetic acid, 0.096 mg of synthetic food colors, 0.073mg of sulfur dioxide, 0.023mg of BHT, 0.018mg of nitrite and 0.001mg of BHT. The ratios of daily intakes of each food additive except nitrate to ADI were 0-3%. The contents of some kinds of food additives in foods purchased from local retail shops were higher than those from supermarkets.

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Change in compositions of 4, 4'-dimethylsterol in lipids of three oil seeds (sunflower, cotton and soybean seed) at different stages during maturation were investigated. The unsaponifiables in lipids from three oil seeds were separated into three fractions : 4-demethyl-, 4-monomethyl and 4, 4'-di-methylsterols by thin-layer chromatography. And the compositions of 4, 4'-dimethylsterols were analyz-ed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
The highest concentrations of unsaponifiables in lipids from three oil seeds were found at an early stage after flowering, but the contents then decreased steadily. The main components of 4, 4'-di-methylsterols in sunflower and cotton seed lipids were β-amyrin, cycloartenol and 24-methylenecycloartanol. The main components of 4, 4'-dimethylsterol in soybean seed lipids were β-amyrin, butyrospermol, cycloartenol, lupeol and 24-methylenecycloartanol. Generally, the percentage of β-amyrin in 4, 4'-dimethylsterols decreased up to maturity, but the percentages of cycloartenol and 24-methylenecyclo-artanol increased.

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This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of supplementation with iron, zinc, copper and iodine during total parenteral nutrition (TPN) on their concentrations in several tissues of trace element-deficient rats.
Trace element-deficient rats were made by feeding on iron, zinc, copper and iodine poor diet for 9 weeks. These rats were divided into four groups (A, B, C and D), which were provided trace elementdeficient TPN, trace element-supplemented TPN, trace element-deficient diet and trace element supplemented diet, respectively for a week. The concentrations of the trace elements in plasma, urine and several tissues were determined.
The following results were obtained.
1) The iron concentrations of plasma, erythrocytes, liver, spleen and testis were low in the groups A and C comparing with the normal level, and tended toward the normal level in the groups B and D. The iron concentration of plasma did not relate with those of several tissues, and urinary excretion of iron changed independently of the iron intake.
2) The zinc concentrations of plasma, erythrocytes, liver and testis were low in the groups A and C, and returned toward the normal level in the groups B and D. Urinary excretion and plasma concentration of zinc changed corresponding to the zinc deficiency of several tissues.
3) The copper concentrations of plasma, erythrocytes, liver, kidney, spleen and testis were low only in the group A, and the copper deficiency was not observed in the groups B, C and D. Urinary excretion and plasma concentration of copper changed corresponding to its intake.
4) Iodine was excreted mainly into urine corresponding to its intake in each group. Iodine administered intravenously and orally decreased T₃/T₄ ratio in the groups B and D.
These results suggested that the supplementation with iron, zinc, copper and iodine was effective to ameliorate the trace element-deficiency during TPN. As indices of evaluating the trace elementdeficiency status during TPN, the determinations of plasma and urinary concentrations of zinc, copper and iodine were useful, but not of iron.

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Seven cultivars of Brassica vegetables indigenous to China and two cultivars (Taisai and Surugana) of Japanese Brassica vegetables were cultivated at the same experimental station in Shizuoka Prefecture and compared for their major ingredients. The Chinese cultivars were generally richer in any of the ingredients examined than Taisai (B. campestris L. var. chinensis). Surugana (B. campestris L. var. chinensis), a new cultivar bred by crossing between Chinese Yutsuaishin (B. campestris L. var. parachinensis) and Japanese Komatsuna (B. campestris L. var. rapifera), was intermediary of these two parent cultivars with respect to the ingredient composition. The amounts of crude protein, crude fat, minerals, β-carotene and vitamin C were larger in Yutsuaishin than in any other Chinese cultivars. Tatsuai (B. campestris L. var. narinosa) was characterized by its high contents of protein, iron and, especially, β-carotene. It was also characteristic that Chieran (B. oleracea L. var. alboglabra) contained a relatively low amount of β-carotene and a relatively high amount of vitamin C. Soluble oxalic acid existed at higher levels in Yutsuaishin and Chieran than in the other Chinese cultivars examined.

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Using 128 samples of 9 floral honeys and 14 samples of high fructose corn syrup (HF) which could be classified into 4 groups, a method was investigated to detect HF in honey from patterns of oligosaccharide components by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with reverse phase system column.
(1) By the HPLC procedure, saccharide components in HF were separated into more than 10 peaks shown in order of molecular weight. Oligosaccharides corresponding to peaks No. 2 and No. 3, which eluted comparatively rapidly, were not detected in any floral honey except horse chestnut ones.
(2) The contents of oligosaccharides corresponding to peaks No. 2 and No. 3 were more than about 10mg/100g (as melezitose) in general HF and HF contained sucrose, maltose or conventional corn syrup, while it was as low as about 4mg/100g (as melezitose) or less in highly purified HF.
(3) Based on the above results, a method was proposed to detect HF in honey using HPLC. The method can detect HF in adulterated honey, whose source is designated as anyplant except horse chestnut, by a simple procedure of injecting the aqueous sample solution into HPLC column. The detection limit of this method is as low as 10% or less for general HF, but it is difficult to estimate quantitatively the mixed ratio of HF.

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