It was studied that N balance and energy availability in healthy preschool children (3-6yr; 25 boys and 20 giris) whose average age, body weight and height were 5.4±0.1yr, 16.7±0.3kg and 102.2±0.9cm respectively. One group (n=31) was given routine diets and other (n=14) was given diets Containing about 10g of gratein less than routine one.
There were no signifficant differences between male and female on physical status and food intake.
There were no differences in energy intake between the twa groups of different protein intake. Average energy intake and fecal output per day for all subjects were 75.1±1.1 and 2.86±0.07 kcal/kg. Their average energy availability was 96.2±0.2%. Urinary energy output was measured for 21 subjects of all and was 1.71±0.11 kcal/kg. In this case, net availability of energy was 93.9±0.3%. The regression equation of net available energy (Y kcal/kg) on energy intake (X kcal/kg) was Y=-0.769+0.950X (r=+0.998, p<0.01 and n=21).
The means of N intake, fecal and urinary output in the group of the routine diets were 403±9, 30.2±1.3 and 373±9mg/kg respectively. Percent of absorption and retention of N were 92.3±0.3% and 16.9±1.6%. The regression equation of N retention (Y mg/kg) on N intake (X mg/kg) was Y=-84.9+0.395X (r=+0.624, p<0.01 and n=45).
Urinary energy output per 1g of urinary N×6.25 was 0.88±0.05kcal in the group of routine diets (n=15) and 1.25±0.07 kcal in the group of low protein diets (n=6).

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To compare the antihypercholesterolemic effect of wheat germ oil on plasma cholesterol with some vegetable seed oils, rats were fed diets containing wheat germ oil and/or cottonseed and soybean oils. The results indicated that the plasma and liver cholesterol value of the animals given wheat germ oil was lower than those fed other vegetable oils. To identify the substances responsible for the effect, several fractions of the wheat germ oil unsaponifiable matter prepared by silicic acid column chromatagraphy were fed to rats. The plasma and liver cholesterol levels of the group fed the steral-rich fraction which mainly consisted of β-sitosterol (51%), campesterol (18%) and 24-methylenecycloartanol (9.1%) was significantly lower. These results indicate that the plasma and liver cholesterol levels in rats are lowered by vegetable sterols containing a large amount in wheat germ oil and also by the synergistic antihyperchalesterolemic effect of 24-methylenecycloartanol which reported previously.

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As an Experiment I, tocopherols in several tissues of rats in a normal and a vitamin E deficiency groups were temporally analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography, after forced administration p. o. of roughly equal mixture of α-, β-, γ- and δ-tocopherol (m-Toc). Similar to the Experiment I, the Experiment II was made by analyzing tocopherols in adipose tissue and back skin after a forced administration of m-Toc and after consecutive forced administration p. o. of δ-rich mixture of tocopherols (δ-rich-Toc) for 4 days.
1) In general, the peak level of each tocopherol in tissues appeared by the order of small intestine, liver, serum and lung, after administration of m-Toc. It seemed that the uptake and disappearance in these tissues occurred by the order of δ≅γ>β>α.
2) In a single administration of m-Toc, there was no evidence that δ-tocopherol was more readily accumulated in adipose tissue and back skin than the other tocopherols.
3) After the consecutive administration of δ-rich-Toc, the concentration of δ-tocopherol in adipose tissue apd back skin showed to increase remarkably. But such administration of α-tocopherol showed no increase of it in the tissues. It was suggested that the accumulation of δ-tocopherol in these tissues is higher than that of other tocopherols.
4) In the back skin of rats administered δ-rich-Toc, it seemed that δ-tocopherol was mainly present in the fat fraction, while α-tocopherol in the skin tissue.

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It was found that oral administration of peroxidized corn oil for 1 week induced a hyperlipemia with the elevation of serum triglycerides, free fatty acids and lipid peroxides, a fatty liver with the accumulation of liver total cholesterol, triglycerides and lipid peroxides, and liver injury with the elevation of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) as compared to the control rats. The effects of extracts from various kinds of tea (green tea, oolong tea and black tea) on the lipid metabolism and liver injury in rats fed peroxidized corn oil were investigated. The oral administration of various extracts of green tea slightly reduced the elevation of serum free fatty acids, lipid peroxides, GPT and liver triglycerides in the peroxidized corn oil-fed rats. In the peroxidized corn oil-fed rats, oral administration of extracts of green tea did not induce changes in the body weight and liver weight, serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, GOT and atherogenic index, and liver total cholesterol, and lipid peroxides as compared to the peroxidized corn oil-fed groups. The administration of extracts of oolong tea slightly reduced the elevation of serum total cholesterol, free fatty acids, triglycerides and lipid peroxides in the peroxidized corn oil-fed groups. Serum high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, lipid peroxides, GOT and GPT, liver triglycerides levels, and body weight and liver weight were unchanged in the rats orally given various extracts of oolong tea as compared to the peroxidized corn oil-fed groups. The administration of extracts of black tea slightly reduced the elevation of serum free fatty acids and lipid peroxides in the peroxidized corn oil-fed groups. Serum high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglycerides and GPT, liver lipid peroxides, and body weight and liver weight were unchanged by oral administration of various extracts isolated from black tea as compared to the peroxidized corn oil-treated groups.

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It has been reported that tocopherol in serum tends to increase with gestation, in close correlation with serum cholesterol level. There are many reports that dietary fibers suppress increment of serum cholesterol. In this experiment, the effects, of the dietary fibers on serum tocopherol and cholesterol levels were studied in pregnant rats.
During the gestation period groups of pregnant rats were fed either 10% apple pulp, 14% wheat bran, 10% cellulose, 10% pectin, 10% guar gum, 5% guar gum, or fiber-free diet. The pregnant rats were killed on 21 days of gestation, and non-pregnant rats were killed after being fed fiber-free diets for 21 days. The increment of total cholesterol or phospholipid-P due to pregnancy was not suppressed by feeding any of the above dietary fibers. Serum α-tocopherol levels in rats fed 10% apple pulp, 10% wheat bran or 10% cellulose diet were higher than that in rats fed fiber-free diet. Rats fed 10% wheat bran or 10% cellulose diet showed the highest ratio of serum α-tocopherol to total cholesterol level. In rats fed 10% pectin or 5% guar gum diets, the α-tocopherol contents of fetus were lower than that in rats fed fiber-free diets, while maternal serum α-tocopherol levels were similar between those groups. In rats fed 10% guar gum diet, serum and fetus α-tocopherol levels were the lowest of all, especially, fetus α-tocopherol levels were lower than that in the pair-fed rats, in which serum α-tocopherol level was not different from those fed 10% guar gum diet.
Therefore, serum transport capacity of tocopherol in pregnant rats may be affected by feeding dietary fiber, and the extent of effect depends on the kind of dietary fibers.

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The effects of light intensity and temperature on the L-ascorbic acid concentration of Spinacea oleracea L. cv. Vilofley were observed. The experiment carried out in autumn 1982. The spinach planted in experimental planters divided into three groups as in the followings. A: unshaded (control, relative illuminance 100%), B: shaded (relative illuminance 25-32%), C: shaded and heated (vinyl house, relative illuminance 25-32% and high temperature).
The results obtained summarized as follows:
1) Under shading without heating, the plant growth rate decreased, on the other hand, shading together with heating gave the thin leaves notwithstanding their rapid growth.
2) The falls in L-ascorbic acid concentration by shading were observed both on fresh and dry matter. However, the additional decline of L-ascorbic acid under shaded and heated condition was found only in the values of dry matter.
3) A significant positive correlation was found between L-ascorbic acid concentration and chlorophyll content of leaf blade.
4) As a conclusion, it was confirmed that spinach planted in venyl house grew rapidly and had a good shape, but L-ascorbic acid content of the plant decreased considerably compared with spinach planted in the open field, both in the values of fresh and dry matter.

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The effects of light intensity, temperature and iron level in culture medium (vermiculite) on the iron content of Spinacea oleracea L. cv. Vilofley were observed. The experiment carried out in autumn 1982. The spinach planted in experimental planters were divided into three groups as follows. A: unshaded (controll, relative illuminance 100%), B: shaded (relative illuminance 25-32%), C: shaded and heated (vinyl house, relative illuminance 25-32% and high temperature).
The results obtained are summarized as follows:
1) Iron contents of leaf blade and petiole on dry matter increased significantly by shading. However, effect of heating under shaded condition on the iron content of dry matter was not found.
2) No significant difference was observed among the iron contents of dry matter in leaf blade and petiole of specimens, which were cultivated on culture mediums containing 3.65, 14.6, 29.2 and 51.1 ppm of iron respectively, under unshaded condition.
3) Significant positive correlations were found between iron content of leaf blade and leaf area per plant, between those content and dry weight of leaf blade and between those content and top dry weight respectively.
4) Significant positive correlations were found between iron content of petiole per plant and petiole dry weight per plant and between those content and top dry weight per plant respectively.

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A major source of Japanese sodium intake is sodium originated in seasonings. All the seasonings added are not taken in, but considerably lost at cooking and eating. So, in order to know more correct sodium-intake dietary research, we calculated the sodium-residual of edible portion from the variation of seasoning-Na before and after cooking.
Results were as follows:
1) When boiled with soy sauce, coefficient of Na-residues for fillet of succulent was 0.65 and fillet with born of succulent was 0.55.
2) Coefficient of Na-residues for broiled sea bream was 0.40 and broiled “aji” was 0.25.
3) Coefficient of Na-residues for “nikomi oden ”was 0.50 and “sukiyaki ”was 0.85.
4) Coefficient of Na-residues for french salad was 0.55, spinach with season seeds was 0.85 and Japanese “sunomono ”was 0.58.

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The effects of organic fertilizers in comparison with inorganic fertilizers on the physical properties (texture) of Saturn type tomato fruit were examined. For comparison, three groups of tomato plants were cultured with the following three different fertilizers; 1) organic fertilizer of bone meal and rapeseed meal, 2) inorganic chemical fertilizer, 3) the mixture of these two fertilizers. In order to examine the relation between the texture and the taste of the fruits, the texture was measured by the texturometer using the models of man's incisor tooth and molar tooth as its plunger. The fruits with organic fertilizer were firmer both at the top and the bottom of the fruits than those with inorganic fertilizer. They showed stronger firmness, cohesiveness and chewiness, especially at the bottom of the fruits. The fruits with mixed fertilizers showed stronger adhesiveness. The pellicles of the fruits with organic fertilizer had uniform firmness both at the top and at the bottom, whereas those with inorganic fertilizer showed greater variation in their firmness; firmer at the bottom than at the top.

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To establish a detecting method of lipid peroxides in fresh materials, extracting and analyzing procedures were examined by using bovine liver as the material. The solvent containing BHT was used for lipid extraction to prevent autoxidation. After extraction, the lipids was reduced immediately with sodium borohydride and then methylated. The reduced lipids were hydrogenated and derivatized with TMS, and the sample was analyzed with GC-MS. Bovine liver used in this experiment contained 0.012g lipid peroxides in 100g of fresh material. Several kinds of hydroxides which were deduced to have derived from linoleic, arachidonic and docosaenoic acids were detected. The former substances of these hydroxides must be hydroperoxides. This analytical procedure may be useful for peroxide analysis for fresh materials.

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Leaf protein concentrate (LPC) was obtained from Japanese radish (daikon) to effectively utilize their protein and effects of some factors on the recovery of protein were studied.
Japanese radish leaves and water (about 1: 3 in weight) were mixed, and homogenized by a mechanical homogenizer. Expressed radish leaf juice (green juice or GJ) was heated to 85°C, cooled immediately under 40°C, and filtered to filter off LPC.
The green LPC was constituted of approximately 72% protein and 17% lipid (dry basis) and amino acid score of the LPC was 100. The recovery of protein was approximately 53%, and increased to 57% by homogenizing radish leaf twice.
The recovery of protein and the color of the LPC were sensitive to the pH of the GJ. The maximum recovery of protein was 56% at pH 5.2. The LPC obtained at pH 7.2 showed most vivid green. The pH of the GJ also influenced the size of coagulum. The obtained coagulum at very low pH (below 3.2) or high pH (over 9.2) was very small, and then difficult to filter it.

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Volatile carbonyl compounds and their related compounds of “Tofuyo” were separated by steam distillation and analyzed by gas liquid chromatography. The contents of volatile carbonyl compounds and reducing sugar and the protease activity were analyzed as a function of the aging period.
Judging from the yields of 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazones (2, 4-DNPH), it would be assumed that maximum production of carbonyl compounds would be at 3 months of aging period and the 2, 4-DNPH contents in “Tofuyo” soaked in “Awamori, ” in 45% ethanol and crude “Tofu” were 0.38-0.54, 0.27-0.43 and 0.04g/kg, respectively.
Direct gas liquid chromatography (GLC) analysis of volatile carbonyl compounds at 1, 3 and 6 months of aging period of “Tofuyo” revealed the presence of 9 (include 2 broad peaks) to 12 peaks, and 11 of them were identified from the retention time of standard compounds. They were formaldehyde, acetoaldehyde, propionaldehyde, iso-butyraldehyde, diacetyl, 2-methylbutyraldehyde, n-valeraldehyde capronaldehyde, 2-heptanone and furfural.
The protease activity in “Tofuyo” was determined and relatively high activities were found at pH 3.0-4.0 and at 5.5-7.0. Reducing sugar contents were attained to the maximum at 1 month of period and then decreased. This decrease would be due to the browning reaction.

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