Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis is a severe blistering skin disease characterized by necrosis of the epidermis and wide-spread epidermolysis. This disease is very rare but a severe case can result in death. Ninety percent or more of TEN is recognized through the drug induction.
A case of TEN due to CPFX for treatment of pneumonia was encountered during treatment of gingival carcinoma. In the present study, TEN is reported together with a review of literature.

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Cases of maxillary osteomyelitis who were treated surgically in our hospital for the past 27 years were investigated. The results were as follows:
1) The number of cases of maxillary osteomyelitis was 7 (11.7%) out of all osteomyelitis cases who underwent surgical treatment.
2) Sex distribution was almost the same, and all cases were over 40 years of age, mean age was 63 years. The underlying disease was confirmed in only one case who had diabetes mellitus. Hematological examination revealed no abnormal findings.
3) The most common site in the maxilla was the molar region, and the cause of infection was teeth extraction in 3 cases.
4) Radiographically sequestral type was found in 2 cases, osteolytic type in 2, and osteosclerotic type in 3. Radiopaque changes of the maxillary sinus were found in 5 cases.
5) Sequestrectomy and curettage were performed, and no case had recurrence, however, in cases who had communication with the maxillary sinus, the maxillary sinusitis and postoperative oromaxillary fistula should be taken into consideration.

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A questionnaire was used to investigate the use of antibiotics on children in the dental field and oral surgery at multiple facilities. A result of the survey revealed that antibiotics not covered by insurance were widely used on children. Orally administered agents were overwhelmingly prevalent, and cephem antimicrobial agents accounted for a large majority of these antibiotics. For individual agents, cefaclor, cefdinir, and cefditoren pivoxil, and cefteram pivoxil in that order were often used. Based on the results, it is expected that more antibiotics for children should be covered by insurance in the dental field.

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A study on the background factors and outcome of surgical treatment in relation to the radiographic patterns in 33 cases with chronic osteomyelitis of the mandible was performed. The results were as follows:
1) According to the radiographic patterns, 33 cases were classified into four groups, 10 cases (30.3%) as the sequestratin type, 8 cases (24.2%) as the localized osteolytic type, 8 cases (24.2%) as the diffuse osteosclerotic type, and 7 cases (21.2%) as the diffuse mixed type. 2) For gender, more males were found in the localized osteolytic type, and more females were found in the diffuse mixed type. The majority of the cases in the sequestration and localized osteolytic types were middle age or older, while in the osteosclerotic and mixed types younger patients who were ten to twenty years of age were found. 3) Four patients had diabetes mellitus, however, there was no relationship with the radiographic patterns and area of the lesion. 4) The lesions in all cases of the sequestration type were detected in the mandibular body, and 7 out of 8 cases of the localized osteolytic type had lesions in the mandibular boyd, while the lesion was extending to the angle and ramus area in 5 out of 8 cases of the diffuse osteosclerotic type and in 3 out of 7 cases of the diffuse mixed type. 5) With respect to clinical symptoms, pain occurred in 87.8% of the cases, swelling in 50.0%, trismus in 33.3%, and pus discharge in 27.3%. All cases of the diffuse osteosclerotic and mixed types had pain, but no pus discharge. 6) In 25 out of 33 cases (75.8%), the onset of disease was the result of dental disease and the majority of the dental origin was molar teeth. 7) The duration from the onset to the first visit was within one year in all cases of the localized osteolytic types, however, almost half of the cases in the sequestration type and the diffuse osteosclerotic and mixed types visited us over one year after the onset. 8) Recurrence after the operation in 33 cases was observed in 10 cases consisting of 6 out of 8 cases (75.0%) of the diffuse osteosclerotic type and 4 out of 7 cases (57.1%) of the diffuse mixed type. All the cases whose lesions were detected in the mandibular angle or ramus area recurred. 9) The majority of the isolates were Streptococcus sp. detected in 7 out of 9 cases, andStaphylococcus aureusandKlebsiellasp. were detected in 3 cases.

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A low dose of miconazole gel (Florid^® oral gel) was applied to the basal surface in 10 patients with oral candidiasis and multiple missing teeth wearing denture. Miconazole gel 1 g daily was divided into three portions to be applied only to the basal surface after each meal. Two weeks after the start of application, clinical improvement was observed in 80% of the patients. Candida disappeared in 70% of the patients two weeks after the start of application. An adverse reaction was recognized in one patient. Though the gel was applied only to the basal surface, it was also effective against oral candidiasis extending to the tongue and/or buccal mucosa.

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An experimental model of mandibular infection was prepared by using NZW rabbits, and the influences of the antimicrobial agents used in dentistry on polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) functions, in particular on phagocytic activity, in vitrowere investigated. Experiments were performed before and on the third and the seventh day after inoculation. Cefaclor (CCL) and cefteram (CFTM) as cephems, erythromycin (EM) and clarithromycin (CAM) as macrolides, and tosuf loxacin (TFLX) and sparfloxacin (SPFX) as newquinolones were used for the study at concentrations of 1, 10, and 100μg/ml, respectively. Phagocytosis was measured with flow cytometry and the results were as follows:
1) The phagocytic activity of the PMNs of the infection model was significantly enhanced on the third and the seventh day after inoculation compared with that before inoculation.
2) Neither CCL nor CFTM, cephem antibiotics, had an influence on phagocytic activity at any time including pre- and postinoculation at any of the concentrations studied.
3) EM and CAM, macrolide antibiotics, had no effects on phagocytic activity before and after inoculation at the concentration of 1μg/ml. However, inhibition of phagocytosis was observed at 10 and 100μg/ml in a concentration-dependent manner.
4) TFLX and SPFX, newquinolone antibiotics, had no effects on phagocytic activity at any time during the experiments including pre- and postinoculation at the concentration of 1μg/ml. Meanwhile, the activity was slightly elevated at 10μg/ml and was suppressed at 100μg/ml.

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