We investigated the influence of felypressin on the human cardiovascular system.
As subjects, twelve ASA I or II patients underwent orthognathic surgery under GOS general anesthesia. They were divided into two groups : one group received 30mL of 2 % propitocaine (group P) and the other group received 20mL of 3 % propitocaine with 0.03IU/mL f elypressin (group FP) . One hour before operation the patients received 10mg of diazepam syrup for premeditation. In the operation room, we administered 2 mg / kg propof ol, 0.1mg / kg vecuronium, 6 L / min O₂and 4 % sevoflurane for tracheal intubation. Anesthesia was maintained at 4 L/min N₂O, 2 L/min O₂and 1 % sevoflurane during measurement. Before local anesthetic injection, we took control values of cardiac output, blood pressure and heart rate. After injection, we took each value at 2 minutes, 4 minutes, 6 minutes and 8 minutes later. Cardiac output was measured by Pulse Dye Densito-Graph^® (Ni on Kohden Industrial), and blood pressure and heart rate were measured by BP-508^® (Nihon Kohrin Industrial) .
Statistical analysis was performed with the unpaired t-test between group P and group FP, and ANOVA and Tukey's tests were performed between the control values and values at each time. Each data was expressed as a percentage of the control value.
There was a tendency toward decreased blood pressure when felypressin was administered, which was considered to be caused by decreased cardiac output which exceeded total peripheral resistance. There was also a tendency toward decreased heart rate. However, we could not explain the cause of the phenomenon. Cardiac output was significantly decreased by felypressin administration, which was considered to be caused by increased afterload due to augmentation of total peripheral resistance and decreased myocardial contractility due to decreased coronary blood flow.
These results suggest that felypressin can prevent an increase in blood pressure and is suitable for hypertension patients. Care is needed, however, for patients with ischemic heart disease or heart failure.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of biscoclaurine alkaloids (BA; cepharanthin^®) on clinical symptoms, and to examine superoxide anion (O₂^-) generation from peripheral blood neutrophils and plasma cytokine levels in patients with oral lichen planus (OLP) . We also followed up on the changes in these data over the course of the patients' clinical treatment.
Materials and Methods : The effects of BA on O₂^-generation from peripheral blood neutrophils were clinically investigated. BA (24 to 30 mg/day, for periods greater than 6 months) was clinically administered to 36 patients with OLP. In addition, O₂^-generation and cytokine levels were simultaneously measured in eight patients (BA: 24 mg/day) randomly selected from the study group. The relationship between the degree of improvement of clinical symptoms, the O₂^-generation levels, and plasma cytokine levels such as TNF- a and IL-1β according to clinical course was examined. Neutrophil O₂^-generation was measured in terms of cytochrome C reduction, and plasma cytokine was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at Nihon-Igaku-Rinshokensa-Kenkyusho (Izumo, Japan) . A paired t-test was used for statistical analysis.
Results : (1) The symptoms in OLP were improved by the administration of BA. (2) BA effectively reduced O₂^-generation. Both the post-treatment period level of O₂^-generation, and the degree of clinical symptoms in patients were significantly lower (p<0.02) compared to those of the pre-treatment period. (3) There were no significant differences between pre- and post 6 months' values in plasma TNF-α (p=0.12) and IL-1β levels (p=0.09) of the OLP patients.
Conclusion : These results suggest that the suppression of O₂^-generation from peripheral blood neutrophils may be closely related to the improvement of OLP symptoms.
Acknowledgement : This study was supported by a grant-in-aid (13672092) for scientific research from the ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan.

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In this study we enrolled the 20 patients in whomCandidawas detected from among 65 patients with a chief complaint of tongue pain. We treated these 20 subjects with an oral antifungal agent, itraconazole, 100mg/day, for 1 to 4 weeks, and the manifestations were resolved clinically in every case except one.
Nevertheless, a recurrence developed in 2 of the 20 patients 15 weeks and 17 weeks, respectively, after the initial episode had been cured. We investigated the drug sensitivity and biochemical properties of theCandida albicansisolated initially and at the time of the recurrence in these two cases, and their biochemical properties with API-C-Auxanogram^®. The same evaluation results were obtained with both the stains at the time of the initial infection and the recurrence.
Next, we performed a karyotype analysis by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and deduced that they were the same fungal strain based on the patterns obtained and that the recurrences were attributable to colonization.

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Murray, et al published Manual of CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY 8 th Edition in 2003 in which Ruoff, K.L. et al determined the taxonomy of the genus Streptococcus. These taxonomic changes are shown in the Table.

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