A single dose of TS-110 at 4, 6, and 8mg was administered to patients suffering from postextraction pain of the lower mandibular impacted wisdom tooth.
Early investigation of the drug's clinical usefulness and estimation of optimum dosage were made.
1. For assessment of overall improvement of pain and analysis of usefulness, there were 39, 37, and 31 cases in the 4, 6, and 8mg groups respectively. For analysis of overall safety, there were 39, 37, and 32 cases in respective groups.
2. The ratio of cases which showed moderate improvement of pain or better was 74.4%, 86.5%, and 80.6% in the 4, 6, and 8mg groups respectively.
3. Administration of TS-110 caused no adverse reactions.
4. The ratio of cases which showed useful or greater was 66.7%, 81.1%, and 87.1% in the 4, 6, and 8mg groups respectively.
These results suggest that TS-110 produces significant dose-dependent improvement of postextraction pain and that there is no problem concerning safety.

View full abstract

There are some reports that eugenol in some medicaments for dental treatment causes allergic reaction, but few immunopharmacological studies have been undertaken. In this study, the allergic contact dermatitis of eugenol was examined in the guinea pig using the adjuvant and patch test with eugenol and eucalyptol. Eugenol was prepared in two forms, one a chemical reagent and the other a solution for addition to dental medicament. Eucalyptol was obtained as a chemical reagent. The samples were dissolved in acetone, then the acetone was used as a negative control, and Sudan I was used as a positive control. The concentration of both eugenol and eucalyptol in the induction stage was 50%. The concentrations of eugenol in the reaction-inducing period were 2.5, 10, 25, and 50%, and those of eucalyptol were 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, and 25%. At 24 and 48hrs after reaction-inducing, an obvious reaction to eugenol was recognized at the concentrations of 25% and 50%, but that to eucalyptol was not recognized in any concentration. The results suggest that the eugenol contained in medicaments for clinical dental therapy potentially induces allergic contact dermatitis.

View full abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the antimicrobial activity of plant extracts such as a crude catechin extract from green tea, black tea extract, a crude catechin extract from black tea, (-) -epigallocatechingallate (EGCg), extract from branch-bark of Morus, and Eucalyptus extract on oral microorganisms. The antimicrobial activity was measured by minimum inhibitory concentrations. Extracts from branch-bark of Morus and Eucalyptus showed strong antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria such as Streptococcus species, Actinomyces spesies, and L. casei, however, these compounds did not exhibit antibacterial activity less than 1600ppm against gram-negative bacteria except for P. gingivalis. Another plant extract showed a weak effect on gram-positive bacteria. All of the tested plant extracts had no antimicrobial activity less than 1600ppm against P. melaninogenica, F. nucleatum, and V. parvula.

View full abstract

The most important factor in the prevention and treatment of periodontal disease is removal of dental plaque, the main factor in development of gingivitis. Methods for removing plaque consist of both mechanical method (for example, tooth brushing) and chemical method (such as the use of oral washing agents), and each has its own characteristic effect.
In this study, a water-spray-type oral washing unit, having features of both methods, was used. The subjects were asked to stop brushing and use the water-spray-type oral washing unit after obtaining the consent of participants, and plaque-controlling, gingivitis-preventing, and halitosis-preventing actions of this unit were assessed. As an oral washing agent, aqua oxidizing water, for which a variety of applications have been recognized in recent years in the dental field, was used. The subjects were 15 males with clinically healthy gingiva, and they were divided into a control group (discontinuation of all oral cleaning ; n=5), a negative control group (oral washing with sterile distilled water ; n=5) and a test group (oral washing with aqua oxidizing water ; n=5) . At the start of study the use of toothbrushes and other cleaning devices were prohibited, to allow experimental gingivitis to develop. The subjects were instructed to use a waterspray-type oral cleaning unit (EW175-H) as their oral cleaning device three times a day, 30 seconds each time. As evalution items, the plaque index (P1I), the gingival index (GI), and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF volume) were measured and bacteriological detections and halitosis determination were performed 0, 1, and 2 weeks after the start of this study. The results for the time course of changes in P1I showed significant reduction in the negative control group and test group in comparision with the controls (p<0.05, p<0.01) . The time coures of changes in GCF volume showed significant changes compared to the negative control group and the test group (p<0.05, p<0.01) . Based on the results above, a plaque-controlling effect due to the use of the EW175-H was re-congnized, and an effect on bacterial flora due to use of aqua oxidizing water as the oral washing agent was observed, suggesting that the EW175-H, which is a combination of a mechanical method and a chemical method, is useful in exerting a plaque-controlling effect and a gingivitis-preventing effect.

View full abstract

In seven healthy volunteers, blood and saliva concentration of physiological granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) were measured in order to examine the local effects on the intraoral cavity. Furthermore, the pharmacokinetics of a G-CSF agent (lenograstim) was studied.
The results were as follows :
1) The blood concentration of physiological G-CSF was 9.5±1.8pg/ml (n=7), and the saliva concentration was 21.2±11.9pg/ml (n=7) . That is to say, the saliva concentration of physiological G-CSF had about a two-fold increase as compared with the blood concentration. This suggests that G-CSF in saliva directly augments the function of salivary polymorphonuclear leukocytes (S-PMN) .
2) Transmigration of G-CSF agent into saliva is less than 10% of that into blood.

View full abstract

The frequency of prescription and the purchase amounts of new quinolone agents (NQs) and oral antibiotics were surveyed in 9 hospitals of the 11 national university dental hospitals in Japan.
Average numbers of antibiotics and NQs adopted in the 9 hospitals were 25.5 and 4.0, respectively. The ratio of antibiotics to NQs was 6.4 to 1.0. The purchase amounts of oral antibiotics and NQs of the 9 hospitals per year were 1, 390, 000 and 80, 000 tablets, respectively. Of these antimicrobial agents, a large amount of β-lactams of 1, 200, 000 tablets were purchased, followed by NQs of 80, 000 tablets, which exceeded macrolides of 50, 000 tablets. As for the brand, Cefaclor was the largest purchase amount of antibiotics at about 500, 000 tablets, and the largest for NQs was Levofloxacin at about 40, 000 tablets. The proportion of NQs to total oral antimicrobial agents, including antibiotics, was 6%. The antibiotics was prescribed at the ratio of 37.4% to the total prescription for 2 months, while NQs was only 1.9%.

View full abstract

Cefpodoxime proxetil (CPDX-PR) was orally administered twice a day at doses of 100 or 200mg to patients with closed abscess due to periodontitis (group I) and osteitis of the jaw (group III) in the treatment of infections in Dentistry and Oral Surgery, and the results were as follows:
1) The overall clinical efficacy, determined according to the standards established by the committee, was 91.4%. The efficacy by disease was 88.9% in group I and 93.0% in group III, and that by daily doses was 93.8% in the 200mg group and 90.2% in the 400mg group. The overall efficacy assessed by the doctors in charge was as high as 94.7%.
2) In the cases of which Peptostreptococcus was isolated, the clinical efficacy judged by the committee was 94.1%. The efficacy by disease was 91.7% in group I and 95.5% in group III, and that by daily doses was as high as 92.3% in the 200mg group and 95.2% in the 400 mg group.
3) As for the bacteriological effect, eradication rate by the committee was 94.9% in all cases and 97.1% in the cases of which Peptostreptococcus was isolated.
4) The MIC₅₀ and MIC₉₀ of CPDX against 265 clinically isolated strains were 0.39 and 0.78μg/ml, respectively, and those against 52 strains of Peptostreptococcus were 0.2 and 0.78μg/ml, respectively.
5) As for evaluation of the safety, rash, vomiting, constipation, and nausea were observed as side effects in 4 of 99 cases (4.0%) . None of those side effects were serious. Abnormal changes in laboratory tests, assessed by the doctors in charge, were observed in 5 cases (5.7%), including increases in GOT, GPT, BUN, eosinophilia, and monocytosis in 1 cases each. As for the committee's evaluation, 2 additional cases, including one each of leukopenia and urinary protein abnormality, were adopted, but none of thoese laboratory abnormalities were serious.
6) As for evaluation of the utility by the doctors in charge, the usefulness rate, including useful and better cases, was 92.6%.
From the above results, CPDX-PR was considered to be useful in the treatment of infections in Dentistry and Oral Surgery. Moreover, it was found that this drug is also very useful for infections caused by anaerobes, particularly Peptostreptococcus.

View full abstract