Experimental models of mandibular infection were inoculated with two species of Streptococcus milleri NCTC 7331 and Bacteroides fragilis NCTC 9343 using NZW rabbits according to the Satoh-Heimdahl method, and the influences of the antibiotics frequently used in dentistry on chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) were examined in vitro.
The chemotaxis were checked before and 3, 7 and 21 days, and 8 and 12 weeks after inoculation. The antibiotics used in this study were cefaclor (CCL) and cefteram (CFTM) as cephem antibiotics, erythromycin (EM) and clarithromycin (CAM) as macrolide antibiotics, and tosufloxacin (TFLX) and sparfloxacin (SPFX) as new quinolones, each of which was adjusted to the concentrations of 1, 10, and 100μg/ml for the experiments. PMN chemotaxis was induced by N-formyl-methionyl-leucylphenylalanine (FMLP) with a 96-well chemotaxis chamber. A micro-plate reader was used for quantitative measurements of chemotactic cells.
The results were as follows:
1) The chemotaxis of the PMN of infection models began to increase after inoculation and reached its maximum on day 3. Chemotaxis was still higher at week 12 as compared with its level before inoculation.
2) CCL and CFTM of cephems had no influence on the chemotaxis of PMN at any time during the experiments including preinoculation at any of the concentrations.
3) EM and CAM did not affect the chemotaxis of PMN at any time during the experiments at 1μg/ml. However, there were some inhibitions of chemotaxis at 10μg/ml, and further inhibitions were observed at 100μg/ml.
4) As new quinolones, TFLX and SPFX had no influence on the chemotaxis of PMN at any time during the experiments including pre-inoculation at 1μg/ml, whereas there were increases in chemotaxis at 10 μg/ml and inhibitions at 100 μg/ml.

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In the field of oral and maxillofacial surgery, tubefeeding is frequently carried out for postoperative nutritional control, because disease occurs in and around the oral cavity.
In this study, the nutritional effects and the safety of new enteral nutrient “TERMEAL 2.0^®” applied to postoperative nutrition was investigated and compared with conventional liquid diets. As the results, nutritional index was improved during the application period and severe side effects such as diarrhea were not observed. In addition, TERMEAL 2.0^® can accelerate enteral hyperalimentation as compared with conventional liquid diets. The results suggested that TERMEAL 2.0^® is useful in oral and maxillofacial surgery.

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Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase is an enzyme present in all animal cell membranes and plays important roles in various tissues. As it is thought that the inhibition of Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase by anesthetics and related drugs relates to anesthesia and side effects, the effects of a wide variety of anesthetics and related drugs on the Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity was investigated. Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase was partially purified from rabbit kidney, and the effects of anesthetics on its activity, the amount of phosphointermediate (EP) and the sensitivity of EP to K⁺ and ADP were studied. All of the anesthetics except fentanyl inhibited Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity in a dosedependent manner. In volatile anesthetics, a significant correlation was observed between the clinical potency and the concentration that causes half-maximal inhibition (IC₅₀) of Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity. To study the inhibition mechanism, the sensitivity of Nat, K⁺-ATPase and partial reactions of Nat, K⁺-ATPase, Na⁺-ATPase and K⁺-pNPPase activities were compared, to those of anesthetics and related drugs. K⁺-pNPPase activity was most sensitive to volatile anesthetics in three activities, whereas K⁺-pNPPase activity was most insensitive to benzodiazepines, barbitulates, droperidol and ketamine hydrochloride. Effects of the drugs on EP formation differed among them. Midazoram inhibited EP formation, whereas isoflurane and ketamine hydrochloride did not. The sensitivity of EP to K⁺ was increased by ketamine hydrochloride but was decreased by isoflurane. These findings suggested that the inhibitory mechanisms of general anesthetics and related drugs against Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity are diverse.

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Extract of Eucalyptus globulus showed antibacterial activity against several oral bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus and Streptococcus sanguis. It also showed inhibitory effect on glycosyltransferase (GTase of mutans streptococci) in vitro.
In this study, anti-caries activity of extract of E. globulus on S. mutans-infected gnotobiotic BALB/cA mouse model was investigated.
Germ-free BALB/cA mice (5 weeks old) were divided into 1 control group and 3 experimental groups. The control group were fed Diet 2000 (D#2000) containing 30% sucrose and experimental groups were fed D#2000 containing extract of E. globulus at levels of 0.5%, 0.1% and 0.05%. All groups were inoculated with S. mutans ATCC 25175.
The number of S. mutans on the teeth of the experimental groups 0.5% and 0.1% were significantly lower than that of the control group (p<0.01) . That of the 0.5% group was also significantly lower than that of 0.05% group (p<0.05) .
The number of S. mutans in the cecum contents of the experimental groups 0.5% (p<0.01) and 0.1% (p<0.05) were significantly lower than that of the control group. That of the 0.5% group was also significantly lower than those of the 0.1% (p<0.05) and 0.05% groups (p<0.01) .
Caries developed in all mice, however, the mean caries scores of the experimental groups 0.5% and 0.1% were significantly lower than that of the control group (p<0.01) . Further, the mean caries score of the 0.5% group was significantly lower than those of the 0.1% and 0.05% groups (p<0.01) .
The results suggested that extract of E. globulus showed anti-caries activity in gnotobiotic BALB/cA mouse model. This anti-caries activity of extract of E. grobulus might be due to bacteriostatic action of S. mutans, and extract of E. grobulus has an inhibitory effect on GTase of S. mutans.

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The Phamacokinetics of ABPC were investigated to compare the effectiveness of intravenous drip infusion of 1.0g of ABPC followed by two successive oral administrations of 0.5g of LAPC with that of three successive oral administrations of 0.5g of LAPC to outpatients with moderate to severe infections in the oral and maxillofacial regions.
The results were as follows:
1. In the subjects receiving drip infusion of 1.0g ABPC and two successive oral administrations of 0.5g LAPC, the concentration of ABPC reached a peak of 46.34μg/ml soon after drip infusion was stopped. Thereafter, the blood concentration was maintained over 3.8μg/ml for about 6 hours.
2. When the two administration methods were compared, the blood concentration of ABPC after combination therapy was higher from the initiation of administration to 4 hours after the end of administration.
3. Since blood concentrations were well maintained, this combination therapy may be effective against resistant oral streptococci, as well as other anaerobic gramnegative bacillus.

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