Antibiotic prophylaxis （AP） of Infective endocarditis（IE）due to oral procedures has been considered as effective for several decades. However, there has never been a randomized clinical trial to demonstrate the effectiveness of antibiotics use. Recent AHA recommendation （2007） decided that AP is recommended for only high-risk patients. On 2008, the UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence （NICE） published new guidance recommending that AP in the UK should cease. In 2014, data suggests that there has been a significant increase in the incidence of IE since the 2008 guidance. Despite reviewing the same evidence NICE and European Society of Cardiology reached different conclusions. NICE continues for their 2008 guidance, on the other hand ESC concluded that there was evidence for the efficacy and value of AP particularly for high-risk patients. This review described recent movement of AP for IE in Europe and rest of the world.

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of commercially available mouthwash Oraconti^® CL2 on the improvement of dry mouth. A total of 15 dry mouth patients who consulted the Dry Mouth Clinic at Tsurumi University School of Dentistry were recruited. Both subjective dry mouth symptoms and objective dry mouth signs were examined. Dry mouth symptoms were evaluated by medical questionnaire, and dry mouth signs were evaluated by measuring oral mucosa fluid volume using oral moisture checking device Moisture Checker for Mucus^®. The effect of mouthwash Oraconti^® CL2 was compared with the effect of water gargling as a control. As a result, the mouthwash improved both the symptoms and signs of dry mouth.

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The purpose of the present study was to survey the use of antibacterial agents at 18 private dental college or university hospitals in Japan, as performed approximately every 10 years since 1983, and to identify the diseases treated with these medicines for longer than eight days at these dental hospitals. We first calculated the amount of antibacterial agents prescribed in October 2013. For internal and external preparations, almost all antibiotics comprised cephems （68％, 64％）, penicillins （23％, 25％） and macrolides （7％, 8％）, with values expressed in terms of percentage for outpatient and inpatient treatments, respectively, and these values were similar to previous surveys. The ratio of internal and external preparations was nearly six-fold higher when compared with injections. About 70％ of oral cephems administrated to both outpatients and inpatients was cefcapene pivoxil hydrochloride. In contrast, the antibacterial injection administered to inpatients was primarily cefazolin sodium and that to outpatients was primarily ceftriaxone sodium hydrate. The ratio of carbapenems was less than 1％. Among the antibacterial agents administered for longer than eight days, clarithromycin was mainly used for the treatment of odontogenic chronic sinusitis. Our study suggested that clarithromycin was used appropriately in long-term treatment for chronic diseases. However, we found that a limited variety of oral cephems were heavily used for short-time administration, which might lead to the emergence of resistant bacteria. Pharmacist information and advice may be helpful for dentists to avoid it because proper pharmaceutical management of antibacterial agents is essential for the prevention of resistant bacteria.

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  A global consensus regarding the terminology of dry mouth is needed in order to facilitate diagnosis and treatment as well as future research and education. This review summarizes the terms concerning dry mouth, including : xerostomia, hyposalivation, altered salivary composition, salivary gland dysfunction, and salivary dysfunction.

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