The mechanisms of neuropathic pain have been explored by multiple approaches including electrophysiology, immunohistochemistry, neuroimaging, and molecular biology. Recent studies have demonstrated a part of mechanisms that contribute to the development of a new treatment for neuropathic pain. In this review, we first overview the basic anatomical and physiological evidence of orofacial pain mechanisms, and second, we introduce our recent pharmacological findings in terms of orofacial neuropathic pain obtained by using optical imaging techniques.

Since 1983, trends in antimicrobial use have been investigated at private dental university hospitals in Japan using the number of vials and the quantity of titer.

There are few multicenter surveillance studies investigating antimicrobial resistance measures in dentistry.

We investigated antimicrobial agents use trends using days of therapy and antimicrobial used density. We conducted a questionnaire on antimicrobial resistance measures to understand the current situation and identify problems.

The prescription rate of antimicrobial agents was 42.6％ . Penicillin antibiotics accounted for 60.1％ of outpatient oral antimicrobial use. As for antimicrobial resistance measures, prepared guidelines for the use of antimicrobial agents（72.2％）, implemented restrictions on the use of antimicrobial agents（72.2％）, and 88.9％ grasped the amount of antimicrobial agents used（88.9％）, which were implemented at many medical facilities.

The problems were drug susceptibility grasping（44.4％）, antibiogram preparation（5.6％）, and education on drug resistance to citizens and patients（0％）.

This research study was considered to be highly useful in implementing antimicrobial resistance measures.