For 13 years from 2005, Hansen's disease was utilized as a theme for human rights education for medical students. The method was to conduct a core curriculum-based lecture and human rights lectures in the second year. The post-class report introduced a newspaper article reporting on the normalization of illegal abortion at several facilities, and the students were asked to discuss both on the lectures and this article.
Analysis of these medical student reports confirmed that Hansen's disease is an extremely useful theme for human rights education and clinical ethics education. In short, the students were surprised to learn that changes in appearance (ugliness) in the history of Hansen's disease led to prejudice, long-standing segregation policies, and human rights abuses. They also discovered that physicians were involved in the mistreatment, and that medical progress was insufficiently shared not only with physicians but also patients and citizens. Our analysis of 1347 reports on Hansen's disease and newspaper articles on "abortion and human rights of the unborn child", suggest that continuous efforts of medical ethics education are essential.
A 58-year-old patient developed psoriasis when he was 53. He has COPD. He had smoked 20 cigarettes/day from the age of 20 to 52 and 10 electronic cigarettes/day (iQOS®) from the age of 53. He was administrated secukinumab (SEC) for his psoriasis, which was improved by the treatment; he was maintaining PASI clear. In March 2020, he developed COVID-19 pneumonia and was prescribed hydroxychloroquine 400 mg/day for COVID-19 pneumonia with discontinuation of SEC. The COVID-19 pneumonia was ameliorated. He has maintained his improved condition without SEC treatment for 3 month to date.
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is characterized by skin inflammation, barrier dysfunction and chronic pruritus. The excellent clinical efficacy of the anti-interleukin-4 (IL-4) receptor α antibody dupilumab underpins the pivotal roles of Type 2 cytokines IL-13 and IL-4 in the pathogenesis of AD. This review focuses on the competitive regulatory mechanisms of skin barrier function by aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) axis (upregulation of barrier) versus IL-13/IL-4-JAK-STAT6/STAT3 axis (downregulation of barrier). Conventional and recent therapeutic modalities inhibit the IL-13/IL-4-JAK-STAT6/STAT3 axis. Old remedies such as coal tar and glyteer are AHR axis activators. I also discuss the mechanistic backgrounds of current and future therapeutics and their strategic potential.