The antimuscarinic and ganglion blocking activitities were compared in dogs, cats and the isolated guinea-pig ileums.
The inhibitory effect of each drug on the gastric spontaneous motility and the salivation induced by the stimulation of the chorda tympani coincided with that on the hypotension induced by the stimulation of the vagus nerve respectively, but not with the acetylcholine-induced hypotension. These antimuscarinic activities of drugs in dogs were quite different from these ganglion blocking activity in cats. The relationship between the protective and lytic activities of drugs against acetylcholine-induced contraction in the isolated guinea-pig ileum corresponded with that against the hypotension induced by the acetylcholine administration and the vagus stimulation.

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Slowly developing inflammation was induced by subcutaneous implantation of a piece of sterilized filter paper (25×35 mm) in the ventral region of the rat. The dermal tissue permeability on the implanted filter paper was measured by means of spreading method and the following results were obtained.
1) The permeabili ty was increased rapidly after implantation and was reached a peak after 5 days (6.2 times higher than normal). It thereafter was decreased slowly along with development of granulation tissue and was returned to the first level by 2 weeks when granulation tissue reached a maximum.
2) Increased tissue permeability of 3 days after implantation was inhibited significantly by various anti-inflammatory agents administered orally or subcutaneously once a day to the 4 th day. The intensity of the inhibitory effect following oral administration was roughly the next order.: Dexamethasone>Prednisolone>Hydrocortisone acetate>Indomethacin>Cortisone acetate>Benzydamine Hcl≈Chloroquine diphosphate>Bucolome≈Phenylbutazone=Flufenamic acid>Aminopyrine>Mefenamic acid>Na-salicylate>Acetylsalicylic acid. Cyproheptadine HCl and homochlorcyclizine also showed significant activity at the dose of 50 mg/kg p. o..
3) As this experiment is possible to alter freely the times and periods of drug administration and to estimate anti-inflammatory activity following postmedications, it seems to be worth as one of methods for the evaluation of the potency of anti-inflammatory agents.

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Effects of cholinergic and adrenergic drugs on excitatory junction potential (e.j.p.) and spontaneous miniature junction potential (s.m.j.p.) of the isolated guinea-pig vas deferens have been examined by using micro-electrodes.
Cholinergic drugs was not little effective on e.j.p. and s.m.j.p. and the mode of the action was different from the mode of these drugs acting on cholinergic system.
Frequency of discharge of s.m.j.p. was increased by guanidine and tetraethylammonium, but was decreased by pyrogallol, and was little affected by nialamide and phentolamine. Mean amplitude of s.m.j.p. was increased by pyrogallol.
These results suggeste d that discharge of s.m.j.p. did not result in only a quantum release of noradrenaline.

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Vas deferens of a guinea pig and a rat were treated with urea to investigate the chemical properties of their α and acetylcholine receptors. The urea treatment of the guinea pig vas deferens (2.0 M, 20 min) produced a slight depression in the response to KCl, but significant depressions in the response to noradrenaline and acetylcholine. In this case, the response to acetylcholine were depressed more profoundly than the response to noradrenaline, and the difference between both response was significant statistically.
In the rat vas deferens, urea treatment (2.0 or 2.2 M, 20 min) scarcely produced the depression of the KCl response but caused a severe depression of the noradrenaline response.
These results indicate that the acetylcholine receptor may be denaturated by urea more easily than the α-receptor.
Both the heating and the urea treatment prevented selectively the functions of α-receptor and acetylcholine receptor without preventing the function of the smooth muscle cell membrane, so that it is suggested that both α and acetylcholine receptors are sensitive to the protein denaturation and are seemed to be composed of protein.

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The corticoid was extracted with chloroform from the rat adrenals and this solution was then passed through a small column of florisil. The eluates were evaporated to dryness, then the dry residue was dissolved in chloroform and was deposited on to the plates which was coated with silica gel. The solvent systems were chloroform-aceton (3: 2), and ascending chromatography was carried out. The Rf values of aldosterone, 18-hydroxycorticosterone and corticosterone in the systems were respectively 0.33, 0.18 and 0.56, and over-all recovery throughout the separation steps was 75 per cent. These corticoids have been thus separated by thin layer chromatography and the method is available for the study of adrenal activity, especially in the rat.

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As a basis for understanding the mechanism of action of barbiturates, a study of their inhibitory properties on anaerobic glycolysis was undertaken.
In starved rats received single intraperitoneal injections of 50 mg/kg pentobarbital or of 100 mg/kg phenobarbital, there was observed a significant decrease in the blood levels of pyruvate and lactate at the time of maximal depression of motor activity. In the brain, the levels of phosphorylated metabolites of glucose were slightly decreased.
Anaerobic glycolysis in vitro was found to be inhibited at the concentrations of drugs tested. The activities of hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase were significantly inhibited in the presence of the drugs. Aldolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase were insensitive to the drugs.
These findings support that barbiturate suppresses anaerobic glycolysis through inhibition of activities of enzymes which catalyze irreversible steps of glycolysis.

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Influence of anticonvulsants or GABA-relatives were investigated to the relationship between 2 or among 3 El-mice on the convulsive seizure.
In consequence, the relationship on the graph was shifted into the upper left when phenobarbital, diphenylhydantoin, imidazole acetic acid, γ-amino β-oxy butyric acid or β-phenyl γ-aminobutyric acid was injected to the mice.
However, in treatment with GABA, it was not only inconstant how to shift relationship on the graph between 2 El-mice, but also points were centered almost in a certain area within the normal distribution area. The GABA-actions were antagonized by pretreatment with picrotoxin.

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The validity of estimating the effect of drugs on venous return by recording outflow from the cannulated left auricle (LAO) in the mechanical left ventricle method (animals are under the controlled cardiac output) was examined in 33 dogs using adrenaline (Adr).
That the increase in LAO after intraaortic injection of Adr is mostly due to increase in venous return was confirmed by the following results.
1) Through th e double T-cannulae inserted into descending aorta, Adr was injected proximally (i.a.p.), distally (i.a.d.) or bidirectionally (i.a.m.) and the increase in LAO was greater in the case of i.a.d. injection (excluding cardiac action) than i.a.p. injection (including cardiac action).
2) Inc rease in LAO due to intracoronary injection of 0.25 μg/kg of Adr was only 1/12 to 1/4 of that due to i.a.m. injection of 1 μg/kg of Adr, showing that the cardiac stimulant action of Adr has minor role in increasing LAO.
It is concluded that this method is one of useful methods for estimating the effect of drugs on venous return.

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Effects of the chlorpromazine, pentobarbital and atropine on gamma-motor activity was studied, recording the single unit activity of the primary ending muscle spindle of the ankle flexor and extensor muscle in pentobarbitalized cats. Changes of the frequency of the spontaneous discharge and change of activation threshold during high cycle stimulation of the central nervous structures, such as globus pallidum, caudate nucleus, posterior hypothalamus, internal capsule and mesencephalic reticula formation were studied. With 5 mg/kg or more of pentobarbital, the threshold of diffuse facilitation any point above mentioned structures became similarly higher, 2 to 3 times than the control. As for the amount of the threshold increase nosignificant differences were found among any of these points.
In case of the chlor promazine, the rate of the discharge decreased or disappeared even at dose of 0.2 mg/kg. The threshold of the diffuse facilitation from post hypothalamus was specifically increased even when the threshold from the mesencephalic reticular formation did not show the increase. The threshold for the reciprocal pattern response from the internal capsule etc. was uninfluenced. It was summarized that the chlorpromazine selectively blocked the facilitatory action from the posterior hypothalamus to gamma-motor neuron activity.
Atropine produced dissociation of the EEG and gamma activity. EEG pattern of neocortex become spindle burst pattern after administration of 0.3 mg/kg of atropine, whereas muscle spindle discharge is enhanced in some case. This dissociation can also be seen when stimulation is applied to central nervous structures. Atropine extinguishes the activation of EEG pattern during stimulation of globus pallidum, mesencephalic reticular formation or posterior hypothalamus, but leaves increased discharge of GI_α during central stimulation unchanged.

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The effects of oxazolam (OZP) upon the central nervous system and peripheral isolated membrane were studied, and following action were observed.
1) The hyperirritable emotional behavior of rats after destruction of their septal area was depressed. 2) In the mouse pretreated with MAO inhibitor, both reserpine-induced locomotive hyper-activity and dl-5-HTP-evoked tremor were inhibited, but hyperexcitable state after DOPA administration was not. 3) In the rabbit, duration of reactive after discharge in amygdala and propagated one in hippocampus evoked by stimulation of the former nucleus at high frequency were slightly shortened, and waves with slow frequency became observable in spontaneous EEG of amygdala and hippocampus.
4) In decerebrate cat, the fusimotoneuronal discharges were slightly depressed. 5) Following responses in cat were not changed after OZP; (i) spontaneous EEG and arousal reaction by the stimulation of mesencephalic reticular formation, post. hypothalamus and sciatic nerve in acute immobilized, encephale isole and chronic intact cat. (ii) augmenting and recruiting responses. (iii) spinal reflexes. 6) The contraction of nictiating membrane by the stimulation of post. hypothalamus was inhibited, however, that obtained by postganglionic nerve stimulation and by noradrenarine injection were not altered. 7) The conduction of impulses in isolated fibers of either frog or lobster and transmission of neuromusclar junction and membrane pötential of sartorius muscle of frog were not changed. 8) In the rabbit the muscle contraction by single shock stimulation of the sciatic nerve was not affected, but the blocking action of d-tubocurarine was potentiated.

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It has been confirmed that bacterial pyrogen could be inactivated by treatment of a surfactant deoxycholate (DOC). We have studied on the mechanism pharmacologically, and the following results have been obtained; 1) Bacterial pyrogen was inactivated from 0.125 % of DOC. 2) DOC did not show any inactivation in vivo. 3) DOC did not inhibit the release of leucocytic pyrogen (LP). 4) Respiration of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) did not be inhibited by DOC in vitro. 5) Vascular permeability of LP was not influenced by DOC. 6) DOC showed little heamolytic effect, but it was inhibited by addition of serum, but the pyrogenic response of bacterial pyrogen was markedly increased by injection of saponin.

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