a) The structure of Mercarbide (M.C.) and Mercuroform (M.F.) is shown by following general formulae ?? .(n=3 in M.C., n=2 in M.F.) The least strain in the ringsystem indicates that the trimeric molecule of M.C. must be in a perfectly stable form. On the contrary, the same amount of bond strain should be considered to be involved in dimeric stricture of M.F. molecule. The fact that most of the chemical and physical behavior of M.F. is extremely similar to that of M.C. shows that both possess nearly the same shaped formulae. b) Polymercurated acetaldehydes were classified into four groups according to the number of polymercurated methyl groups in each molecule and it was ascertained that the kinds of the sparingly soluble basic precipitates formed by alkali hydrolysis should be confined to either of M.C. or M.E.

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The author investigated the effects of arsenite on pregnancy, birth and growth in rats that had been fed various diets containing various doses of arsenite, that is 10, 50 and 100 ppm. Results are as follows: 1) Female rats were fed a diet containing arsenite during pregnancy and the number of suckling from these females did not vary from that of the control group. 2) Female rats were fed a diet containing arsenite during pregnancy and thoughout the period of suckling their young. The young were fed a normal diet for 12 weeks after weaning. The offspring showed no effects of arsenite and appeared well nourished. 3) Female rats were fed a diet containing 100 ppm of arsenite during pregnancy and throughout the suckling period. The young were kept on the same diet for 12 weeks after weaning, but effects of arsenite on the hard tissue were not observed. Pathological changes in the organs of this experimental group were absent.

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In a previous paper, it was reported that doxapram (DOP) has a stimulating effect on the central nervous system in mice, rats, rabbits and dogs. As a follow up study, peripheral pharmacological effects of DOP were examined. In the isolated phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation of the rat, DOP increased muscle contractions elicited by electrical stimulation both directly and indirectly. Systemic administration of DOP (1 ?? 10 mg/kg i.v.) did not affect on the neuro-muscular transmission in sciatic nerve-gastrocnemius muscle preparation of the rat. On isolated smooth muscle preparations, such as ileum, taenia coli, colon and vas deferens in guinea-pigs and uterus in non-pregnant rats, DOP showed inhibitory effects in concentrations as high as 10^-5 g/ml. Spontaneous intestinal movement in anesthetized rabbits was also temporarily inhibited after DOP administration (10 mg/kg i.v.). DOP facilitated spontaneous movement of an isolated strip of smooth muscle from the uterus of a pregnant rat, but had no effect on the movement of an intact pregnant uterus in situ.

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This report concerns a newly developed recording and analyzing system in which the main component is a high-sensitivity amplifier based on the regular triangle three-load cell support method. This system three-dimensionally monitors animal behavior, especially spontaneous movement, automatically and continuously. The results obtained are numerically analyzed in a reproducible way for objective evaluation of animal behavior. Time-course changes in behavioral patterns can be analyzed as well as the distribution of moving velocity, distance moved, spontaneous motor activity and three-dimensional parameters. It is adequate for screening methods which are useful for the quantification of behavior and can analyze pharmacological characteristics of various pharmaceuticals which effect the central nervous system. Evaluation of not only individual but group animal behavior, as well as evaluation in combination with any other system would indeed facilitate comprehensive psychopharmacological studies.

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After administering As₂O₃, 40 times the dose, 2.0 mg/kg/day to rats, with a total amount 10.12 mg, spontaneous activity was examined for about 37 weeks. Weaning male albino rats of Wistar strain, named (Tamura 1950) by closed colony, were used, and activity was investigated with a actphotometer (Natume KN-84 TN), at 20 different times, 2 hr per trial. Although rats were breeded for 50 weeks after weaning, it was found that body wt. of the group on As₂O₃ was statistically no less than that of control. There was no statistical difference in the spontaneous activity of rats between the above mentioned groups. Utilizing this form of administration of As2O3, differences regarding spontaneous activity were not observed between this group and control.

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The effects of the adrenaline derivatives, Meta-proterenol (M-P), Ethyl-adrianol (E-A) and Butylsympatol (B-S) on isolated tracheal muscle from guinea pigs were compared with those of isoproterenol, adrenaline and noradrenaline. 1) The decreasing order of potency of dilating action on isolated trachea was isoproterenol, M-P, adrenaline, E-A, noradrenaline and B-S. 2) Antagonism by the adrenaline derivatives against the tracheal constrictions induced by histamine, ACh, 5-HT and barium chloride was observed. These constricting agents were added to the bath fluid at concentrations to evoke 60% of control responses. The order of antagonistic activity of the adrenaline derivatives corresponded to the order obtained in the preceding section 1). 3) In the presence of propranolol, these adrenaline derivatives caused constriction of the tracheal muscle, which disappeared by treatment with ergotamine. In conclusion, these results indicate that the adrenaline derivatives have stimulating actions on both the adrenergic β-receptors and, to a much lesser extent, on α-receptors.

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In our experiments testing the effect of various vasodilators and vasoconstrictors on the placenta from humans the following results were obtained: 1) Isoproterenol, phenoxybenzamine, ACh, pilocarpine, atropine, papaverine, sodium nitrite, ergotamine, barium chloride, oxytocin, quinine, caffeine, nicotine and ephedrine all had mild vasoconstricting action, whereas adrenaline, noradrenaline, 5-HT and histamine had considerably stronger action. 2) Blood vessels appeared to be extremely sensitive to changes in the levels of O₂, CO₂ and nitrogen of perfusion fluid. 3) During states of hypercapnia, hypoxia and anoxia, a vasodilatation was observed. Conversely, a vasoconstricting effect was observed in the presence of hyperoxia.

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LiCl caused a temporary fall followed by a continuous rise on blood pressure in rat, cat and dog. The temporary fall on blood pressure was not suppressed by atropine, propranolol, diphenhydramine and vagotomy. The continuous rise was suppressed by phentolamine, hexamethonium, chlorpromazine, reserpine and pithed treatment, and only a temporary rise was observed. Also, LiCl potentiated the effects of norepinephrine and tyramine on blood pressure. Furthermore, LiCl resulted in an increased action of cardiac force and output, and a dilative action of peripheral vessels. On the other hand, LiCl had no effect on smooth muscle preparations. From these results, it is concluded that LiCl in a relatively high dose influences the circulatory system through a central action as well as direct action on the peripheral vessels and the heart muscle.

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Using a renal perfusion preparation on dogs, effects of changes in expiratory resistance (ER) on renal blood flow (RBF), carotid blood flow (CBF) and cardiac blood flow (CO) were comparatively observed. Results are as follows : 1) At 8 mmHg of ER, CO, CBF and RBF all markedly decreased cardiac blood flow. Recovery for RBF was significantly slow. PaO₂ of the blood decreased markedly whereas PaCO₂ increased slightly. 2) During hyperventilation and inhalation of oxygen, RBF, CO and CBF decreased slightly. 3) During inhalation of carbon dioxide, CO and CBF increased whereas RBF decreased markedly.

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In our experiment a histopathological study of subacute toxicity of chinoform (CF), quinoline (QL), oxine (OX), chinoform iron chelate (C-C) and sulfate conjugation of chinoform (C-S) was carried out in the rat. Results are as follows : Toxic symptoms were observed in the CF, OX and QL groups, however the C-C and C-S groups, revealed no effects of toxicity. Histopathological examination demonstrated degeneration of the cerebral cortex cervical and lumbar neurons, and in particular the sciatic nerve, peroneal and tibial nerves in the CF treated rats. Specifically, axonal disruption, fragmentation and vacuolization of the myelin sheath were observed. QL and OX caused no degeneration in the cerebrum and cervical neurons. Slight degeneration was observed in the lower lumbar cord and the sciatic nerve. C-C had no effect on the nervous system but a slight degeneration was observed in the viscera.

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Effects of adrenaline derivatives such as adrenaline, Meta-proterenol and Butyl-sympatol on the heartlung preparation were investigated and compared. Results are as follows: Ethyl-adrianol, Metaproterenol and Butyl-sympatol showed positive inotropic and chronotropic action on the heart-lung preparation of the dog. The increasing order of cardiac activity of adrenaline derivatives was as follows: isoproterenol adrenaline noradrenaline Metaproterenol Ethyl-adrianol Butyl-sympatol. These actions were blocked by propranolol, but not by phenoxybenzamine.

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The anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of K-308 and K-309, new non-steroidal compounds synthesized at Tokyo Tanabe Pharmaceutical Co., were assessed by detailed analysis in comparison with known anti-inflammatory agents. Orally in rats, K-308 and K-309 showed almost the same effect as ibufenac (IF) and ibuprofen (IP) in inhibiting such acute inflammation as various phlogist-induced paw edema and increased vascular permeabilities. This effect of K-308 and K-309 was also found in adrenalectomized rats and both compounds lacked thymolytic activity. K-308 and IF revealed similar inhibitory action on ultraviolet erythema in guinea pig, but were 0.1 times as active as IP. K-309 was somewhat weaker than K-308. On such subacute inflammation as sustained paw edema induced by mustard, granulation formation by cotton pellet or granuloma pouch and adjuvant arthritis, K-308 produced a similarly significant effect to IF without impairing growth in rats. K-309, like IP, was slightly more potent than K-308. Both K-308 and K-309 produced an acute stomach ulcer in fasting rats, but the activity was lower than that of IF and IP. Utilizing the writhing and Haffner methods in mice for analgesic action, K-308 and K-309 were respectively 1 and 0.6 times as active as aminopyrine. With the Randall and Selitto's method in rats, both compounds increased pain threshold in the inflamed foot, but not in the normal foot. K-308 and K-309 exerted the same PSP retention in rabbit serum as phenylbutazone, which showed uricosuric action. Both K-308 and K-309 can therefore be considered effective for certain inflammatory conditions.

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Behavioral effects of lithium chloride (LiCl) were investigated and compared with those of chlorpromazine as observed in rats and mice. In mice, LiCl decreased exploratory behavior, suppressed conditioned avoidance response, reduced fighting which had been induced by either long term isolation or foot shock, inhibited abnormal behavior induced by methamphetamine, apomorphine and mescaline, potentiated the effects of hypnotics and anesthetics, and induced catalepsy in mice at extremely large doses. These behavoral effects of LiCl were in general similar to those seen with chlorpromazine. LiCl, however, was different from chlorpromazine in the following respects ; i. e. aggressive behavior of the rat induced by either septal lesions or olfactory bulb ablations was not significantly suppressed and convulsion was not exaggerated with LiCl.

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Using the canine heart-lung preparation supported by a donor, effects of dilazep on the heart and coronary circulation were studied and compared with those of dipyridamole and hexobendine. In doses above 30 μg, dilazep produced a marked increase in the coronary blood flow characterized by a slow onset and a long duration. There was no significant change in myocardial O₂ consumption. Simultaneous with the increase in the coronary flow, slight negative inotropic and chronotropic effects were observed. Dipyridamole and hexobendine produced similar effects, but the onset of action was quicker and the duration, shorter. Myocardial redox potential tended to become slightly more negative after dilazep, while it became slightly more positive after dipyridamole and hexobendine, although the changes were not statistically significant. For a greater comprehension of the metabolic effects of dilazep, ventricular muscles from the guinea-pig were subjected to hypoxic, ischemic, conditions and the effects of dilazep on the degradation of the energy-rich phosphate compounds were studied and compared with those of dipyridamole and hexobendine. All three compounds tended to retard the degradation of ATP and creatine phosphate and induced an accumulation of adenosine.

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