The writer of this article classifies linguistic forms as follows _??_ is definition of various forms is as the following:
A form which is never uttered separately (by means of pauses) from other. form (s) is a bound form; all others are free forms. A free form which cannot be uttered alone is a clitic; all others are independent forms.
It is sometimes difficult, however, to distinguish clitics bound forms, because clitics are. generally, although not always, uttered jointly with other form (s)
The author explains first how to identify various fractions of utterances as the same form. Then he proposes three points..s the criteria to determine whether a form-is a clitic or a bound form.
I) If the form in question can be co: ined freely with various independent forms, which belong to different classes because their functions and inflections are different, it, is a free form, i. e. a clitic.
2) If other word (s) or phrase (s) can be inserted freely. between two forms united semantically, both of them are free forms Accordingly the form in question is-a. clitic.
3) If two forms combined can change their order of combination, the two forms are free forms. The phonological structure of a form cannot be utilised as a criterion, because many clitics have similar structtres to those of bound forms. Of course we cannot depend upon the_meaning, too.
It must be noticed, however, that clitics have such phonological‘ structures as can be uttered separately from other forms, and they are very ‘regular’ in relation to the words, with which they enter into close combinations. Ehglish ’-s of the possessive case is a bound form, because it has not such a phonological structure as can be uttered alone. The-e of Latin puellae is a bound form, because i t is not regular. Compare puerT, hostis, cornas, diei.

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According to the opinions of many Finno-Ugrian linguists, Vogulian initial s-represents *s-of Proto-Finno-Ugrian., and Cheremissian š- represents *s-. But we also find š-in Vogulian, and. s-, s-in Cheremissian in the same group of words.
As a result of the field researches of many scholars we have confirmed the following facts:
1) In Vogulian there are two groups of words (A and B), which are both traced to Preto-F.-U.*s-. The words of A-Group possess s-in all Vogulian dialects, but in the words belonging to B-Group we find š-in Southern and Western dialects.
2) Many Cheremissian dialects have s-, for Proto-F.-U. ks-. Only in Malmy-dialect there exist s-(in the words of ‘palatal’ vowels) or s-(in the words of ‘velar’ vowels) for *s-initial.
The writer takes up this problem in this article from both ‘synchronique’ and ‘diachronique’ point of view referring to the studies of Setälä, Paasonnen, Toivonen; uichmann, Beke, etc.

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Personalpronomina
Das Alt-Jap. hatte als Pron. lter Pers. Sg. wa and a. Sie werden durch das Suffix-re erweitert (vgl. auch na-re “du”, ka-re “er”, ko-re “dieser”, so-re “jener”, ta-re “wer? ” usu.), Dieses-re lässt sich mit dem Tung. Barg.-ri, -re (e-ri “dieser”, ta-re “jener”) vergleicben.

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From the viewpoint of so-called “aspect”, Japanese verbs can be classified under four categories, and the verbs under one category, appear in fairly remarkable contrast with those under the other categories, in the use of conjugated forms, in the meaning when combined with particles and auxiliary verbs, etc.
The verbs of the first category express “certain states” ratheir than movements or actions; e. g.“am [to be], ”“dekiru [to be. able].” For instance, these verbs cannot be used together with an auxiliary verb “iru [to be in the state of-].”
Those of the second category express movements or actions which last for a certain space of time; e. g.“(hon o) yomu.[to read (a book)], ”“(ame ga) furu [it rains]” When an auxiliary verb “iru” is added to this kind of verb, this combination means that a movement or action is now being carried on.
Those of the third category, like those of the second, express movements or actions, but these movements or actions are of the kind which comes to and ;end in and instant; e. g.“shinu [to die], ”“(dento ga) tsuku [to be lighted (said of an electric light).” When combined with the auxiliary verb “iru”, a verb. of this kind expresses the consequent state of the movement of action.
Those classified under the fourth category are the special kind of verbs Teach express “certain states” like the first; e. g.“sobieru to stand out, to rise prominently], ”“botehan-botchan-suru [to be (to come to be) like a pampered boy].” These are not spoken alone, but usually-with the auxiliary verb “iru, ” and together express, like the verbs of the first category, “certain states.”

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