Though the terminology of the Yfin Ching has been widely used in the studies of Ancient Chinese, it is already proved that the phonemic system on which Yiin Cbing is based is not the same as that of Ancient Chinese, reconstructed through the study of fan-cb'ieb of Cb'ieb Yiin.
The writer estimates that Yiin Cbing is a reflex of the tradition of the Buddhists' circle that was different from the Confucianists' standard pronunciation. He attempts a solution of this problem by the peculiar correspondence of the tones in the Sino-Vietnamese as shown on p.16.

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The acoustical structure of Korean consonants of three types-“unaspirated”, “aspirated” and “forced”-have been investigated by use of the Sound Spectrograph (Rion K. K., Japan). Speech materials were monosyllables composed of all combinations of three types of consonants and vowels. These materials were pronounced by two male speakers of Seoul dialect and one male speaker of Taegu dialect. Frequency spectra of consonants and vowels, amplitudes and fundamental frequencies of vowels, etc. were examined.
As the results, in case of Taegu dialect, the reinforcement of components in higher frequency range and the higher shift of formants near 4, 000c.p.s. were observed consistently. The former of these features is considered to indicate the glottal tension which has been said to be the characteristics of “forced” consonants, and the latter considered to come from shortening of laryngeal cavity which is caused by the glottal rise.
On the other hand, in case of Seoul dialect, the above-mentioned two features were not observed. Rather, in the syllables of “forced” consonants, marked and consistent feature was found in transient parts from consonants to vowels. That is to say, “forced” consonants have tendency to hold their posture stubbornly in their retention without preparation for the following vowels and consequently, btransitions of vocal parts became forced and long. In Taegu dialect, on the contrary, vowel transitions were not characteristic in the syllables of “forced” consonants.
So, we found that there are different acoustical features between “forced” consonants of Seoul dialect and that of Taegu dialect. In other words, in former the stubbornness of consonants is considered to be the characteristics of “forced”consonants, in latter glottalization to be the characteristics.

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