GENGO KENKYU (Journal of the Linguistic Society of Japan)

Social Usage in Language

Kaku JIMBO

1954 Volume 1954 Issue 26-27 Pages 1-15
Published: December 25, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: November 26, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11435/gengo1939.1954.26-27_1

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Take those facts usually called Social Usage, ‘Custom, ’‘Convention, ’ etc. By analysing them, we find, among others, the following attributes:(a) Voluntary behaviour, (b) Mutual imitation, (c) Frequent repetition. We take up those facts which contain these attributes, and give them a provisional name ‘Social Usage’(or simply ‘Usage’). Corollaries to these are-1. Usage requires to be learned and memorized, to be ‘taught’ by environing persons. 2. Usage is fixed in abstract, as compared with each concrete instance of acts. 3. Number of persons who know and act a given Usage is limited, thus making up a ‘Usage-Community.’ cf.‘language (or linguistic) community.’ 4. Usage has a power outside of individuals, an existence that ‘transcends’ individuals.(A warning is here necessary, a warning against a confusion of (a) being outside of, transcending individuals and (b) being outside of, transcending all human being.) 5. Usage is subject to historical change.
Each individual has a memory-idea of a usage. He can realize it in actual behaviour, but a voluntary act can be checked at will, or be replaced by other voluntary acts. We combine in daily life many voluntary acts in order to attain a remote end, (non-voluntary behaviours usually accompany them.) E. g. Catching a street-car (remote end). 1st. I rise up from my seat; 2nd. walk toward the door; 3rd. open the door; etc. etc. Each act is a voluntary one, containing in stself an end and a means (muscular movements). It is, so to speak, a ‘Unit’.

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The Recent Trend of General Linguistics

Kanae SAKUMA

1954 Volume 1954 Issue 26-27 Pages 16-28
Published: December 25, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: November 26, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11435/gengo1939.1954.26-27_16

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Since laguage study on historical principle had reached its climax, the twentieth century has witnessed a remarkable change in this field: the birth and growth of general linguistics. In this article the present-day trend of the discipline in America and in Europe is compared, and the structural view-point with considerable deviations in either side is mentioned. The methodology in exact sciences is followed as a model by some American linguists with painstaking procedures in analysis, but their mechanistic way of thinking and behavioristic mode of approach leave many issues

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On the Method of Glottochronology and the Time-Depth of Proto-Japanese

Shiro HATTORI

1954 Volume 1954 Issue 26-27 Pages 29-77
Published: December 25, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: November 26, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11435/gengo1939.1954.26-27_29

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The author introduces Morris Swadesh's method of lexical statistics or glotnchronology to the linguistic circle of Japan, applying it to the comparative study of Old Japanese and modern dialects.
He discusses its significance as a comparative method of related languages, and points out the following two major advancements. While the comparative method so far concerns the phonology and grammar rather than the vocabulary, Swadesh deals with the latter. Swadesh's method is statistical and accordingly more objective than the usual comparative method.
Although it is possible to comment critically on the method at several points, its effectiveness in general should be acknowledged. For instance, there are no“concepts and experiences common to all human groups”(Salish Internal Relationships, 157), because the dispositions of the speakers of different languages are often different even to “the same things”, that is, the “sememes”(as the author calls them) of synonymous words of any two languages are often not identical. Thus, Japanese /me/«eye» denotes the eye which opens and closes rather than the eye-ball, while (Chakhar) Mongol/nüdä/ which is the only word for “eye” denotes the latter rather than the former. Nevertheless we can find words which refer to things and events common to all human groups, and thus we can generally fill Swadesh's questionnaire.

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Les temps composés en francais (Résumé)

Essaid'une interprétation tri-dimensionnelle du système temporel des verbes francais, Première partie

Shigeo KAWAMOTO

1954 Volume 1954 Issue 26-27 Pages 78-90
Published: December 25, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: November 26, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11435/gengo1939.1954.26-27_78

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On the metrical reconstruction of the foundling story of Kay Kavat in the Great Bundahisn.

Gikyo ITO

1954 Volume 1954 Issue 26-27 Pages 91-105
Published: December 25, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: November 26, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11435/gengo1939.1954.26-27_91

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The foundling story told of Kay Kavat in GrBd 231₁₄-232₁ has been treated by various scholars: E. W. West, SBE, vol.V, p.136; E. Herzfeld, Archaeol. Mitt. aus Iran (AMI) , I, p.149, n.2; A. Christensen, Les Kayanides, p.71 and recently H. W. Bailey, Bullet. of the School of Or. St.(BSOS) , VII, p, 69ff.; A. Christensen, BSOS, VII, p.483ff.; Bailey, BSOS, VII, p.759.* Christensen's final reading seems to be:

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Über die Erweichung des stimmlosen anlautenden Konsonanten des zweiten Kompositionsgliedes im Japanischen.(Hauptinhalt)

S. MURAYAMA

1954 Volume 1954 Issue 26-27 Pages 106-110
Published: December 25, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: November 26, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11435/gengo1939.1954.26-27_106

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A Decipherment of the Mongolian Inscription in Hphags-pa Script of 1318

Tadashi YAMASAKI

1954 Volume 1954 Issue 26-27 Pages 111-119
Published: December 25, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: November 26, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11435/gengo1939.1954.26-27_111

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Though many investigators have been engaged in studying the Mongolian Inscriptions in Hphags-pa Script, this Inscription which was introduced by Ed. Chavannes, has not yet been deciphered, so far as I know. The reason is, as Prof. N. N. Poppe, one of the greatest Mongolists remarks, that the original letters are too badly damaged. Here I wish to present result of my study, as follows:-
“By the Power of EternalHeaven, and by the patronage of the great virtue the Imperial Throne, here we, the Emperor proclaim our Imperial Edict, adressed to the officers, soldiers, chiefs and officials of all castle-town and to messengers on horseback and on foot.
The Imperial Edicts of jingis Majesty, Ök'ödee Majesty, Seeen Majesty, Öljeet'u Majesty, and K'ülug Majesty, Buddhist priests, Nestorian priests, and Taoists were ordered to pray, Without paying the silk and silver taxes, to give blessings [to the Throne.] Even now, they may also give blessings [to the Throne] without paying the silk and silver taxes. Thus we have granted [this] Imperial Edict to the Buddhist priests, [such as] Fu gyan ju, Hay gei Zyay ta gyay ju Juy gyay Shi, Zim gyay shi and Kyay Shi etc., living in [those temples of] Ujuy gue c`iy Temple, Guay gue Temple, siw siy Temple, Kew thiw Temple, Uy niy Teple, Tay C`ay Temple, Mu pi Temple etc., [all] in Tuy jiw's yo yay huen, under the superintendence of Fuy Uen lu.[You, ] Messengers, shall not lodge at these temples and at their cloisters. Everyane shall not be granted post-horses and goods of daily use. Must not levy land-taxes and commercial taxes. Must not deprive ofwhatever lands, waters, gardens, mills, lodging houses, booths, pawn-shops and bathhouses, allendants, and domestic amimals etc. belonging to the temples, shall not appeal to force.[While] Buddhist priests, though you are under the shelter of this Imperial Edict, you shall not behave unlawfully. If you do, are you not afraid of being punished?
[the is] Our Imperial Edict. On the twenty-third of the early summer moon [April]-the Year of the Horse [1318], Written in Tay du.”

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

1954 Volume 1954 Issue 26-27 Pages 120-128
Published: December 25, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: May 23, 2013

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11435/gengo1939.1954.26-27_120

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

1954 Volume 1954 Issue 26-27 Pages 128-136
Published: December 25, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: May 23, 2013

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11435/gengo1939.1954.26-27_128

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

1954 Volume 1954 Issue 26-27 Pages 137-141
Published: December 25, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: May 23, 2013

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11435/gengo1939.1954.26-27_137

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

1954 Volume 1954 Issue 26-27 Pages 141-144
Published: December 25, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: May 23, 2013

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11435/gengo1939.1954.26-27_141

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A Semantic Study of The Situations of Language

Nobuhiro SAITO

1954 Volume 1954 Issue 26-27 Pages 145-147,186
Published: December 25, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: November 26, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11435/gengo1939.1954.26-27_145

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The studies of the situations of language have been made chiefly in speaker's point of view. And most of the situations have been considered as the exterior ones.
These exterior situations are, of course, the important and necessary factors in studying language. But language has two sides in itself-ental and physical, so the study should be made on these sides.
Then the author has considered the mental situations, which are also observed not only from the speaker's point of view, but also the hearer's.
Thus considered, the mental situations are the followings:
1. Speaker's and hearer's mental states at the beginning of a certain language action.
2. Speaker's and hearer's mental states added and changed minute by minute by the language action.
3. Speaker's and hearer's experiences and knowledges that they have got.
4. The domain of consciousness.
These situations work intersecting each other in language action and act on the change of the meaning and form of language. Especially the domain of the consciousness is considered to have the important relation with the domain of meaning.

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Une apercu de l'homonymie

Reiiti HORII, Takamori IWAI

1954 Volume 1954 Issue 26-27 Pages 147-152,186
Published: December 25, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: November 26, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11435/gengo1939.1954.26-27_147

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The studies of the situations of language have been made chiefly in speaker's point of view. And most of the situations have been considered as the exterior ones.
These exterior situations are, of course, the important and necessary factors in studying language. But language has two sides in itself-mental and physical, so the study should be made on these sides.
Then the author has considered the mental situations, which are also observed not only from the speaker's point of view, but also the hearer's.
Thus considered, the mental situations are the followings:
1. Speaker's and hearer's mental states at the beginning of a certain language action.
2. Speaker's and hearer's mental states added and changed minute by minute by the language action.
3. Speaker's and hearer's experiences and knowledges that they have got.
4. The domain of consciousness. These situations work intersecting each other in language action and act on the change of the meaning and form of language. Especially the domain of the consciousness is considered to have the important relation with the domain of meaning.

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Deaf's Gestures as a Sign-System

Their reference to language

Takamori IWAI, Tatsuji YOKOYAMA

1954 Volume 1954 Issue 26-27 Pages 152-154,187
Published: December 25, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: November 26, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11435/gengo1939.1954.26-27_152

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A Tendency from “Opposition” to “Association” in the Development of Language

Tatsuji YOKOYAMA

1954 Volume 1954 Issue 26-27 Pages 154-158,188
Published: December 25, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: November 26, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11435/gengo1939.1954.26-27_154

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An Attempt to Describe the Sememe

Shin KAWAKAMI

1954 Volume 1954 Issue 26-27 Pages 158-161,189
Published: December 25, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: November 26, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11435/gengo1939.1954.26-27_158

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The Subdivision of Bound Forms

Based on Japanese

Sukezumi HINO

1954 Volume 1954 Issue 26-27 Pages 162-164,190
Published: December 25, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: November 26, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11435/gengo1939.1954.26-27_162

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The Breaking of The Vowels and The Diphthongs after c, g, sc in Old English

Norihiko KAWAGUCHI

1954 Volume 1954 Issue 26-27 Pages 164-167,191
Published: December 25, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: November 26, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11435/gengo1939.1954.26-27_164

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

1954 Volume 1954 Issue 26-27 Pages 167-170
Published: December 25, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: November 26, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11435/gengo1939.1954.26-27_167

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On Long Vowels in the Turkic Languages

Kazuo TAKEUCHI

1954 Volume 1954 Issue 26-27 Pages 170-172,192
Published: December 25, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: November 26, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11435/gengo1939.1954.26-27_170

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On the Grammatical Persons of Turkish Language

Takesi SIBATA

1954 Volume 1954 Issue 26-27 Pages 173-178,192
Published: December 25, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: November 26, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11435/gengo1939.1954.26-27_173

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Die Lautentsprechung zwischen dem Japanischen und den altaischen Sprachen, besonders den Tungusisch-Mandschurischen Sprachen

Shichirô MURAYAMA

1954 Volume 1954 Issue 26-27 Pages 179-183,193
Published: December 25, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: November 26, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11435/gengo1939.1954.26-27_179

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The Intrinsic Nature of the Tibetan Language

Bunkyo AOKI

1954 Volume 1954 Issue 26-27 Pages 183-185,194
Published: December 25, 1954
Released on J-STAGE: November 26, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11435/gengo1939.1954.26-27_183

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A word of monosyllable, the constituent of the Tibetan language, consists of the sounds of ‘certain consonantals’ and a vowel combined into a systematic form of vocal sounds that determines what the meaning should be.
The number of the ‘consonantals’-sounds contained in a word must be at least two, but not be in excess of six, and that of the vowels is definitely one.
Generally, the sounds of a word are analysed into four phonic elements, viz. radical, suffix, prefix and re-suffix. The vowel sound appears in the radical. Every word must have the sounds of the radical and the suffix. Some word has the prefix, the re-suffix, or the both besides the above two.
These specific sounds of word have their respective ‘power’ which may display the functions characterizing a word with the tone, the meaning, and particularly in case of the verb, with the class, the tense, and the mood for the majority.
Since every word is in the systematized form of vocal sounds intonated in themselves, the vocalization of word is regulated by its own ‘power’ of the sound organizations. Thus, the tone or the accent of word is naturally fixed, and not distorted by the individuality of persons, the location of word in talking or reading, or difference of areas or ages.
It should also be noted that the Tibetan alphabet consisting of 30 ‘consonantals’ and 4 vowel signs is laid down so as to enable to represent such intricate sounds of word with the written forms.

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