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Volume 1992 (1992)
- Issue 102 Pages 1-
- Issue 101 Pages 1-
Volume 1992, Issue 101
Displaying 1-9 of 9 articles from this issue
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Yoshio SAITO1992 Volume 1992 Issue 101 Pages 1-13
Published: March 25, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: October 23, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe author estimates the phonetic values for the onset of the Middle Mongolian syllables represented by ?? in The Secret History of the Mongols through examination of the use of the character.
The examples listed in (1) and (2) lead one to the conclusion that ?? represents Middle Mongolian en. However, the non-use of ?? in the examples in (3) gives evidence in favor of the opposite conclusion. More-over, the words in (4) and (5) show that ?? is used to transcribe Middle Mongolian yen.
Having accepted Hattori's (1987) hypothesis, the author explains this situation by sketching out the following phonetic history of Mongolian concerning the syllable having e as a nucleus:Consonants in a weak po-sition, i. e. a position between a short vowel and a long vowel, were almost disappearing at the time of the Chinese transcription. This is why ?? is used in (1) and (2) for the syllable with no coda. But, they had not yet completely weakened, and sometimes had a value of [_??_], which was pro-nounced with a narrow constriction in the vocal tract between high or mid vowels or combinations of both, and therefore sounded like a non-syllabic vocoid. In addition, there was no suitable character for Mongolian en in the Chinese dialect of that period on which the transcription was based. Consequently, ?? is used in (1) and (2) for the syllable containing n as a coda. When the syllable was preceded by a high vowel, an intrusive consonant appeared in some words as an onset of the syllable. This explains the use of ?? and ?? in (4) and (5).
The existence of the non-syllabic vocoids as an onset of the syllable is supported by the examples from the texts of Arabic transcriptions shown in (9).View full abstractDownload PDF (1030K) -
Tomoaki TAKAYAMA1992 Volume 1992 Issue 101 Pages 14-34
Published: March 25, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: October 23, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe contrast of the vowel length in Modern Japanese results from the coalescence in Vu hiatuses as [iu][eu][au][ou], which changed into long vowels. This paper intends toexplain what factors were relevant to these changes. It presents two points as follows.
(1) As a result of the above-mentioned changes, i) the indivisible units that had two morae, i.e. the long vowels, came to be established. ii) the syllable u came to be restricted to be at the initial positions of morphemes. These processes are worthy of notice from the functional point of view. They are regarded consonant with the trend, which has been already pointed out, of the phonological evolution in the history of Japanese language: that the delimitation of morphemes has been manifested by the phonotactic and tonal rearrangement resulting from several different changes.
(2) The manner of changes in Vu and in Vi was conditioned by the phonetic nature of Vu and of Vi. Vu hiatuses were vulnerable to the changes into long vowels under the condition that the [j] follows all consonants except [w].View full abstractDownload PDF (1566K) -
Multi-variate analysis of glottogram dataFumio INOUE1992 Volume 1992 Issue 101 Pages 35-63
Published: March 25, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: October 23, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe results of several quantitative analyses of an age-area survey along the Tokaido line in central Japan are reported in this paper.
The entire results of the field survey have been published in the form of an atlas of glottograms (age-area graphs) in 1991. Most figures showed geographical and generational differences, indicating on-going changes in dialects of the area. Not only standardization of the language but the spread of new dialect forms was also observed. Interesting results were obtained for individual forms. But observation of the various glottograms did not lead to systematic classification of the forms, and dialect classification or geographical division could not be easily done from numerous glottograms each consisting of nearly 700 informants. Analyses of the numerous words of the entire area are the next study to be carried out.
Here we present the results of the analysis for a group of items for which use or non-use of word-forms was asked. Several quantitative methods were applied to the data including Hayashi's quantificational theory Type 3, factor analysis, cluster analysis and the distribution gravity center method.
The Tokaido area is noted for its continuum of dialects. Many independent isoglosses have been pointed out along this busy communication route. But the multi-variate analyses successfully showed clear dialect division into three areas : Kanagawa-Shizuoka/Aichi-Gifu/ShigaKyoto-Osaka-Hyogo ; in other words, Tokyo/Nagoya/Kyoto-Osaka areas.This division partly matches the results of studies in the past.
The distribution gravity center method showed the areal and generational inclination of each form. Several new dialect forms now spreading along the Tokaido line could be easily detected by this method.
The quantitative methods showed overall distribution pattern in summarized forms. The application of several different methods to the same data also leads to a comparative assessment of the methods. Thus the analyses of the data contributed both to the interpretation of actual survey data and to a review of linguistic methodology.View full abstractDownload PDF (2023K) -
Takuro MORIYAMA1992 Volume 1992 Issue 101 Pages 64-83
Published: March 25, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: October 23, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn Japanese, there are two kinds of forms which stand for epistemic modality(EM) : one type 'daroo' can be used in questions, and the other-so-called secondary modal forms(e. g. 'kamoshirenai')-can not.This paper explains this phenomenon and analyzes the meaning and function of 'daroo' in relation to a new discourse model in Japanese.
EM implies that the contradictory assumption is also probable in the supposed world. On the other hand, a typical question stands for the optional relation of the supposed worlds. Because of this relation, the secondary modal forms can not be used in questions. For example, a collocation such as *kare-wa tabun ichinensei kamoshirenaika ?(Lit.Possibly, may he be a freshman?) is ungrammatical.
'Daroo' however can be used in. quetions. The meaning of 'daroo'should be regarded as the indicator of judgement-forming process(IJFP)in discourse. In questions, 'daroo' functions as the moderation of the demand for a clear answer. In declarative sentences, 'daroo' means possibility, in case the hearer's information is neglected, but- if the hearer's information is mentioned, 'daroo' means a sort of confirmation. These phenomena can be explained if we assume that IJFP can involve the hearer's judgement in the discourse, and these arguments are supported by morphological evidence.View full abstractDownload PDF (1501K) -
Olga BRIDGES1992 Volume 1992 Issue 101 Pages 84-106
Published: March 25, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: October 23, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA study has been conducted of language choice and language use by a small Moslem community-the Adyges, living in the North West Caucasus of the Soviet Union. A particular aim of this work was to look for possible differences between rural and urban communities and between different age groups. Approches used included the analysis of questionnaires administered through social networks, interviews and observations, e. g. of book use.
It was found that among rural schoolchildren Adyge was widely spoken in conversations with grandparents and parents ; whereas within their own peer group over one third of children used Russian exclusively.
In the case of rural adults over 90% used Adyge both at home and with friends.
Children experienced considerable difficulties in writing in their native language and showed disinclination to read Adyge. Adult Adyges also preferred to read books in Russian even when the same book was available in Adyge.
Urban Adyges tended to use their native language significantly less in all situations (at home, with friends, shopping, at work, at the doctors') than rural Adyges.
A model is presented which depicts in diagrammatic form the current status of the Adyge language.View full abstractDownload PDF (1596K) -
Lawrence SCHOURUP, Ikuhiro TAMORI1992 Volume 1992 Issue 101 Pages 107-145
Published: March 25, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: October 23, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSMester and ItÔ (1989) claim that patterning in the distribution of an autosegmental palatalization morpheme in Japanese mimetic forms constitutes strong evidence for the theoretical claim that among phonological features only those which are redundant are unspecified in underlying representations (Restricted Underspecification). We provide experimental evidence to show that the curious distribution of palatalization in Japanese mimetics, including nonoccurrence with r, on which the argument for underspecification crucially depends, is predictable from facts about the articulatory difficulty of repeated CVCV structures. We show that the distributional regularities involved, when correctly stated, apply not only to mimetics but to the entire vocabulary of Japanese, as well as to at least one language, Spanish, in which palatalization is not an autosegmental morpheme. Underspecification of features, restricted or otherwise, is not required to describe the distribution of palatalization in Japanese mimetics, and the M&I analysis based on underspecif ication is both inadequate and unmotivated.View full abstractDownload PDF (2977K) -
[in Japanese]1992 Volume 1992 Issue 101 Pages 146-158
Published: March 25, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: October 23, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (1090K) -
[in Japanese]1992 Volume 1992 Issue 101 Pages 159-164
Published: March 25, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: October 23, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (426K) -
[in Japanese]1992 Volume 1992 Issue 101 Pages 198-200
Published: March 25, 1992
Released on J-STAGE: October 23, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (194K)
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