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Volume 1996 (1996)
- Issue 110 Pages 1-
- Issue 109 Pages 1-
Volume 1996, Issue 109
Displaying 1-7 of 7 articles from this issue
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Rumiko SHINZATO1996 Volume 1996 Issue 109 Pages 1-23
Published: March 20, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: October 23, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS -
Takanori HAYASHI1996 Volume 1996 Issue 109 Pages 24-48
Published: March 20, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: October 23, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of this paper is to argue for a temporal-order interpretation system in a complex sentence. A complex sentence has at least two or more temporal denotations. If a complex sentence has two temporal denotations because of its two clauses, the system may show the temporal order of events described in the clauses.
Mihara (1991, 1992) has proposed TENSE PERSPECTIVE, taking up the position that both English and Japanese have only two tenses: past tense and non-past tense. According to the principle, the two events which have an identical temporal denotation in a complex sentence are viewed, on the one hand, from a speaker's viewpoint: the time of utterance. Therefore, the denotations in clauses do not reflect the temporal order of events. The order must be settled pragmatically. On the other hand, in a complex sentence with different temporal denotations, its subclause event is viewed from the viewpoint of a main clause subject: the time of its main clause. (The temporal denotation of its main clause is, of course, fixed from a speaker's viewpoint.)
However, the dichotomy between the same temporal denotation and a different one does not work in some cases. For the settlement of the temporal order of events described in a complex sentence, we need a different principle: the principle of discourse interpretation. Discourse information about a complex sentence is inevitable for us to settle the temporal order of events. This principle covers such information, and it reveals the following points: (a) each clause has its own viewpoint from which its temporal denotation is fixed, (b) the viewpoint must precede the clause so that we may get discourse information, and (c) it need not exist in the same sentence.View full abstractDownload PDF (1674K) -
Hiroshi TERADA1996 Volume 1996 Issue 109 Pages 49-93
Published: March 20, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: October 23, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of this article is to elucidate the nature of scope-marking questions in Hindi-Urdu. Chomsky (1993) proposes within a minimalist program that a wh-operator cross-linguistically moves in overt syntax. Based on this proposal, we claim that the overt movement of a null operator for a wh-phrase in Hindi is both partial and multiple: it raises more than one null operator only to the Spec of the closest tensed CP that could be different from its actual scope position. There are some pieces of evidence in favor of the existence of such movement. Thus, a null operator moved constitutes an island for scrambling (Wh-Island effects) and rightward scrambling blocks null operator movement (Freezing effects). Although wh-in-situ in a tensed CP cannot be assigned scope over higher clauses, an operation of inserting a scope marker KYA in such clauses allows the wh-in-situ to take wider scope. The partial movement of a null operator is driven by the morphological necessity that is associated with KYA-insertion: a verb in a clause where KYA is inserted selects a [ + wh] CP, whose head contains a strong operator-feature that must be checked off via the overt partial movement of a null operator. The partially moved null operator is unselectively bound by the scope-marker at LF and then can extend its scope over higher clauses. We thus characterize Hindi-Urdu as a partial wh-movement language on a par with German, Romani and Iraqi Arabic.View full abstractDownload PDF (2844K) -
Its Semantico-Pragmatic RestrictionsTohru HIRATSUKA1996 Volume 1996 Issue 109 Pages 94-116
Published: March 20, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: October 23, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present study concerns sentences in which the prepositional phrase can be interpreted as a modifier of the object following it, as in (1).
(1) I1 a dessiné de Jean un portrait caricatural.
Restrictions on this type of sentences (VPN's, henceforth) will be made clear.
First, the object must not be anaphoric. Definite nouns are therefore less acceptable.
(2) ? I1 a dessiné de Jean le portrait caricatural.
VPNs admit a definite object, when it can determine its referent independently of the preceding context, due to sufficient modification.
(3) Cette règle présente sur les précédentes l'avantage d'être exhaustive, […]
(4) s'il n'avait pas eu de sa fonction la haute idée que l'on sait.
(5) I1 a dessiné de Jean le portrait le plus caricatural que je connaisse.
(6) On peut donner de cette opération la représentation suivante: […]
Second, VPN's prefer verbs which mean the existence or appearance of the referent of the object in the scene, as compared with those which presuppose its existence in the scene.
(7) I1 a {dessine/acheté/? jeté} de Jean un portrait caricatural.
(8) 11 a {fait/? critiqué} sur le langage une théorie abstraite.
However, even verbs of the latter kind become acceptable if they bring pragmatically little information because of context.
These facts show that VPN's introduce the referent of the noun into the world of the discourse, as is the case with French il + VP + NP type impersonal sentences and English existential sentences.View full abstractDownload PDF (1276K) -
Shinjiro KAZAMA1996 Volume 1996 Issue 109 Pages 117-139
Published: March 20, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: October 23, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSHezhen is one of the Tungus-Manchu languages, spoken in China along the Amur river. It has been thought to be a dialect of Nanay. But as seen below, in some phonetic correspondences, Hezhen shows the same characteristics as Tungus-Manchu languages which belong to Ikegami's group II (This grouping is according to Ikegami 1974: Ewen, Ewenki, Solon, and Negidal belong to group I, Udehe and Orochi belong to group II, Nanay, Ulcha, and Uilta belong to group III, Manchu and Jurchen belong to group IV. This article is not referred to Hezhen). The last two correspondences show the unique character of Hezhen compared to all the other Tungus-Manchu languages.
Hezhen Ewenki Orochi Nanay
(group I) (group II) (group III)
xakin xakin xakin paa (*p-) “liver”
adi adii adi xado (*x-) “how many”
inaki _??_nakin inaki inda (*-nd-) “dog”
ti_??_n ti_??_n ti_??_n tu_??_g_??_n (*-_??_g-) “breast”
giamsa giramna giamsa girmaksa (*-ms-) “bone”
nasa nanna nasa nanta (*-ns-) “skin”
xulsa xulla xukta polta (*-ls-) “quilt”
x_??_r_??_n x_??_n_??_n xe_??_n p_??_i_??_n (*-r_??_-) “knee”View full abstractDownload PDF (1350K) -
[in Japanese]1996 Volume 1996 Issue 109 Pages 140-148
Published: March 20, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: October 23, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (592K) -
Tasaku TSUNODA1996 Volume 1996 Issue 109 Pages 149-160
Published: March 20, 1996
Released on J-STAGE: October 23, 2007
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSI conducted field work (1) on Warrungu and a few other languages on Palm Island and in the adjacent area of mainland Queensland, three times from 1971 to 1974, and (2) on Djaru and a few other languages in and around Halls Creek, Kimberley, Western Australia, four times from 1975 to 1995. Almost all of the languages I worked on in the 70's were already endangered at that time and many of them have since become extinct. The last speakers of those languages were generally eager to have their language recorded before they passed away. One outstanding example is the late Alf Palmer (Warrungu name: Dyinbilnggay), who used to say to me, ‘I am the last one who can speak this language. When I die, it will die. I teach you everything I know, so put it down properly’. Aboriginal people like the late Alf Palmer have taught me what role scholars should play in relation to the society and humankind. It was fortunate that I was able to obtain the cooperation of people like Alf Palmer and to document their languages. It is my hope that more linguists will study endangered languages and languages of minority poeples in Australia and elsewhere.View full abstractDownload PDF (709K)
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