One of the attractive ways to design compact oxygenators with high gas transfer performance, is to weave tubings tightly. We already showed the augmentation effect of gas transfer in curved tubes wound in woven patterns. In this study gas transfer performance in water and blood were investigated for prototype unit having twelve tubes with large curvature ratio, which is the ratio of radius of curvature to that of tube, in the curved portion. The augmentation effect similar to that of helical coils were obtained, and the effect of curvature ratio turned out to be minor. Furthermore the preliminary data was obtained for pulsatile flow which was enable to change the secondary flow pattern in the curved tube.

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Multilayer type membrane oxygenator has been investigated in our clinic for past ten years. Recently we completed the new type of membrane oxygenator, Nagoya University 2nd type membrane oxygenator. In this report efficiency of its gas exchange is presented. Microporous polypropylene membrane; 2500, 2402, 2502 and microporous Teflon membrane were used as gas exchange membrane.
Oxygen transfer of this membrane oxygenator was 22.0ml/min/M² at blood flow rate 1000ml/min and O₂ flow rate 2l/min. It was 26.7ml/min/M² at blood flow rate 1000ml/min and O₂ flow rate 4l/min. No difference was noted between each membrane used. This result is not satisfactory, but it will be improved by adequate selection of gas exchange membrane.

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We have succeeded in developing a new disposable membrane oxygenator with a built-in heat exchanger, which consists of layers of a tubular silicone rubber membrane with an inserted blood side mesh spacer and a gas side mesh envelope.
This device with 1.6m² surface area (pediatric size) has an oxygen transfer of 94ml/min/m² and a carbon dioxide transfer of over 50ml/min/m² at a blood flow rate of 2.5l/min, and also has good heat exchange characteristics.
The good results of total cardiopulmonary bypass experiments (durating up to 4.5 hours) show that our new device is efficient for clinical use.

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Hemolysis in Extra-Corporeal Circulation is the essential problems in the cardiac surgery.
The purpose of this study is to clear up the cause of hemolysis during the E. C. C.
At first, the degree of hemolysis is evaluted in the techniques of E. C. C. and procedures of cardiac surgery.
Secondary, the influence of the conditions in circulatory tubes of extra-corporeal machine is studied experimentally.
After all, it was found that hemolysis was strikingly reduced with the increase of aortiecross clamping time.
And about the conditions of circulatory tubes, pressure gradient, especially the great negative pressure should be extremely avoidedo.

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In spite of many theoretical advantages, membrane oxygenators had not been used for routine open heart surgery until recently because of high cost, low efficiency and preparation difficulties. But recently, an improved pump-oxy-genator system provided with an inexpensive, disposable and high efficient membrane oxygenator using a microporous polypropylene membrane (TMO) has become available.
This paper describes 25 open heart surgical proceidures using this system. Blood gas studies and analysis of platelet counts were generally satisfactory. Especially, the ability to control oxygen and carbon dioxide transfer separately was proved to be advantageous to maintain the more physiological status during perfusion. But the advantage of low hemolysis was not observed mainly because of the effect of coronary suction.

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A microporous membrane oxygenator (TMO) has been used in 44 clinical perfusions for cardiac surgery. This oxygenator's primary advantage has been the ability to control oxygenation and carbon dioxide separately prevented hypocarbia. The oxygenator has been shown to have fewer deleterious effects on the formed elements of the blood and good O₂ and CO₂ transfer.

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Effects of venous pulsation were examined in the regional perfusion of the dog's hind leg at various venous pressures.
In depleting stage with -18cmH₂O venous pressure, the venous pulsation was effective in a decrease of peripheral resistance ratio and in an increase of oxygen consumption ratio.
In optimum stage with +2cmH₂O venous pressure, the venous pulsation was effective only in an increase of oxygen consumption ratio.
In congestive stage with +10cmH₂O venous pressure, there were no differences in resistance and oxygen consumption ratio between pulsation and nonpulsation side.
We believe that addition of venous pulsation brings about intermittent elevation of venous pressure which is necessary for opening the precapillary sphincter.

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Little attention has been paid so far on the quantitative estimation of venous return during cardiopulmonary bypass. Hence, a new manometric method for measuring SVC/IVC flow ratio in the venous drainage conduit was proposed. Based on the structural features of Y-shaped conduit of venous drainage line, it was confirmed from the hydrodynamic considerations that the measurements of pressure difference between two branch tubes and flow rate after junction enabled the calculation of the flow ratio in the branch tubes. Results of in vitro flow experiments, a few clinical and animal heart lung bypass experiments substantiate the principle of the method.

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The effects of thrombin on the activation rate of Factor X in the intrinsic coagulation pathway were measured. The activation rates increased with the concentration of thrombin. The activation of Factor VIII by thrombin might be the cause of increasing activation rates of Factor X.

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In group A (control, 10 patients), high level of blood glucose, NEFA and plasma epinephrine, and suppression of insulin and trigriceride were observed during and after C-P bypass. On the other hand, in group B (10 patients treated with DBcAMP), plasma insulin increased strikingly and rise of NEFA was effectively prevented by DBcAMP.

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We studied immunological ability of 34 adult patients operated open heart surgery with extracorporeal circulation (E. C. C.) used membrane oxygenator. These were divided into 4 groups (pulsatile pump group, high dilutional group, high flow perfusion group and immunoglobulin used group).
Total protein and that fractions, immunoglobulins (IgA, IgM, IgG, IgD and IgE), T-cell and B-cell were measured before, during and after E. C. C..
Totally immunological depression was shown during and after E. C. C. in all groups. But that depression was more remarkable in E. C. C. used high dilution including without blood transfusion. In E. C. C. used immunoglobulin, the decreasings of IgM and IgA were less than the others. There was no clear difference between E. C. C. used pulsatile pump and the others statistically.

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Extracorporeal circulation has been considered to be a kind of controlled shock state. It would be reasonable that remarkable hypoperfusion to abdominal region leads to ischemic changes of the tissues, finally causing of organ failure.
We have prophylactically used phnoxybenzamin (POB), that is α-Blocker, in clinical cases and obtained satisfactory results of open heart surgery. While, in hemorrhagic shock model used with adult mongrels, the lysosomal enzyme release into blood was obviously suppressed if POB administered prophylactically, and in this study, we observed by electron microscopy that cell damadages of liver and pancreas were remarkably reduced in cases of POB administration.

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Fourty patients who underwent open heart Surgery for heart disease received transfusion of 20units of platelet concentrated (prepared from their own blood taken by the use of Haemonetics model 30) after peripheral circulation was adequately improved.
Determination were made of the platelet count and the adhensiveness and aggregation of platelets before operation, at termination of extracorporeal circulation, after the administration of protamin and also after transfusion of PC.
The results indicated that the platelet count was lowest at termination of extracorporeal circulation and returned to the postoperative level after infusion of PC. Similarly, the adhensiveness and aggregation of platelet were found lowest at termination of extracorporeal circulation and returned to almost preoperative levels after protamine dose and also after infusion of PC.
In the past, heparinization during extracorporeal circulation has been done on an empirical basis. Activated coagulation time by hemochron is useful method of monitoring heparin therapy during extra corporeal circulation.
To evaluate ACT., 27 consecutive open heart Surgery performed.
Mean ACT of heparinized blood was 397±110 second. and mean ACT after protamine was 129±23 second.

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In order to study the changes of coagulation factors in the extracorporeal circulation without donor blood, blood platelet counts, S. F. P. and fibrinogen were measured.
The results obtained are as follows.
1) In ECC without donor blood, the blood platelet survival ratio showed higher than that in ECC with donor blood.
2) In ECC without donor blood, the S. F. P. showed higher value than in ECC with donor blood.
3) In ECC without donor blood, the chest tube drainage volume was less than that in ECC with donor blood.
It was concluded that ECC without donor was considered to be effect to prevent from microembolism and to lessor the chest tube drainage volume.

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Some in vitro tests of hemolysis using the experimental circuit were carried out in order to determine the hemolysis factors. It was investigated that occlusion of roller pump and hematcrit affected the hemolysis, and prevention of blood turbulent flow was useful in decreasing the hemolysis. Further, hemolysis model and rate equation were deviced, and by which above data were correlated. This hemolysis model and rate equation were found to be able to expain the hemolysis mechanism.

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It is originally reported that circulating platelets disappeared as soon as bypass was initiated with ECMO. In our investigation, platelet function studies were performed by platelet adhesion and aggregation test before and during bypass. We found that the administration of heparin before bypass did not inhibited platelet function well, but platelet economy was improved by the administration of dipyridamore with its known influences on platelet function.

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An attempt to prevent hemolysis during extracorporeal circulation was made using Poloxamer 188 (Px) in open heart surgery. In this study, 21 out of 30 cases were given 1mg/ml of perfusate and the remaining nine cases were served for control.
Elevation of serum hemoglobin (S-Hb) level was observed in both groups during extracorporeal circulation with a lesser inclination of elevation in Px group (p<0.05). At the end of the bypass, S-Hb level in Px group was significantly low of 0.30 compared to control of 0.63mg/dl/min (p<0.005).
These data support clinical use of Px which protects blood cell destruction during extracorporeal circulation without remarkable side effect.

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Patients associated with pulmonary hypertension are apt to develop respiratory failure after open heart surgery. Therefore, we performed pulmonary function tests before and after cardiac operation. In addition, during the postoperative period, the alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference (A-aDo₂) and pulmonary shunt ratio (Qs/Qt) were determined in 36 patients. The patients were divided to three groups, depending on preoperative pulmonary pressures.
The group 1;9 patients with pulmonary hypertension.
The group 2;18 patients without pulmonary hypertension.
The group 3;9 patients with tetralogy of Fallot.
The group 1 showed the lowest value of percent vital capacity, suggesting restrictive lesions. The lowest values of percent maximum minute breathing volume, air velocity index and forced vital capacity suggesting obstructive lesions were shown in the group 1.
Paco₂ were between 28 torr and 35.4 torr in the each group.
Therefore, normal alveolar ventilation were observed in each group.
Pao₂ was lowest in group 1.
However, both A-aDo and Qs/Qt were highest in the group 1. It was suggested that numerous scattered atelectasis or patch atelectasis played the whole or major roles in abnormality of the indices in the group 1. In the group 1, We could often observe atelectasis because of insufflation of dry gas due to non-rebreathing method.
Preventing postoperative respiratory complications due to dried airway, a disposable condenser humidifier (artificial nose) was employed during operation. Animal experiments and clinical results showed that the preservation of respiratory function was attained by using the artificial nose in terms of A-aDo₂ and Qs/Qt. In addition, electromicroscopic studies indicated better preservation of mucociliary epithelium of the bronchus in the group treated with DH.
It was concluded that DH was effective for preservation of respiratory function during and after operation.

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As the materials for reconstruction of the tissue defects, we prepared the composite meshs of bovine collagen and synthetic polymers such as thin silicon mesh, polypropylene mesh (marlex mesh), polyethylene mesh (heavy Marlex mesh), and high density polyethylene mesh, and applied experimentally to reconstruction of chest walls, diaphragma or pericardium of dogs.
In any case, the composite mesh was quickly organized and covered with thin epitherial layers, and finally was less adhesive to the neighbor organs.
In the chest wall reconstruction, we could succeed in replacement of over 9 ribs with the head composite mesh.

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We reconstruct the dog trachea with the composite of collagen and Marlex high density mesh. The supporting consistency of this mesh is sufficient enough to prevent air way collapse. Since the regeneration of the epithelium progresses from the cut ends, long replacement may be more easy than the wide one. Physiological function of the reconstructed trachea was examined by means of cine-bronchogram and endoscopic observation of the expectoration of India ink. Even on the six months after operation, both the tracheal contractility and mucociliary transport were impeded to some extent, but in clinically, which seemed to be out of hindrance.

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As an tracheal prosthesis, Marlex mesh (polyethylene) covered by autologous pericardium was used. The longest survival of 6 months was obtained in an experimental dog. However, due to difficulty in obtaining a sufficient size of autologous pericardium, it seems to be difficult for clinical use.
As the next step, we used human fibrin membrane as the covering material over the Marlex mesh. On 10 mongrel dogs, seven rings of tracheal cartilages were resected and the Marlex mesh as the skeletal structure were implanted at the defect, where the human fibrin membrane was covered around the graft.
4 weeks after the implantation, the fibrin membrane was observed to be gradually absorbed, and by the end of 8 weeks, complete absorption of the fibrin membrane and, instead, a dense granulation tissues covering the artificial trachea were observed. None of the 10 implanted tracheal prostheses have shown dislocation, deformity, or significant stenosis. One of the dogs is still alive for 8 months after the transplantation.
From the results of our present observation, it was concluded that the human fibrin membrane was considered to be excellent covering material for the tracheal prosthesis and that this method was considered to be more feasible for clinical use.

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We have studied experimentaly using mongrel dogs, for the purpose to make a artificial substitute for the complete replacement of the esophagus, useful on the clinical side.
The material of the prosthesis is collagensilicon copolymer, synthesized by some chemical and physical process. We have proved the good affinity between tissue and the copolymers by physical examination and microscopical studies.
Using the superiority of this material, we started to experiment on actual anastomosis, connecting the cervical esophagus and stomach with this prosthesis, but the result is not satisfactory just yet, because of many troublesome factors of the experiment.

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The polydimethylesiloxe which is one compoment of the ordinary silicone rubber is known to have better blood compatibility than the rubber itself. Noticing this fact, we made silica free silicone tube (SFS) by coating pure polydimethylesiloxe on the inner surface of medical graded silicone (MGS) tube with a new technique and tested its blood compatibility by implanting the tube in the arterivenous shunt in dogs.
The patent period was monitered by the temperature change on the tubes detected with a thirmistor circuit. The average patent period of 5 SFS tubes was 15 days which was about 4 times longer than those of ordinary MGS tubes simultaneously tested.

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A new approach to treat the patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus was descrived
In place of plasma exchange, we tried to remove specifically the pathogenic substance circulating in the vessels of the patients, that is, immune complexes, anti DNA antibody, DNA and DNA-anti DNA complex.
¹²⁵I Human serum albumin (HSA)-anti HSA complex was adsorbed on Clq-sepharose 4B.
Anti DNA antibody in serum was removed with DNA cellulose column. ¹²⁵I DNA and soluble ¹²⁵I DNA-anti DNA cmplex in serum were efficiently removed with the methylated albumin-sepharose column.

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Because we avert severe secondary effect of anticancer drug, the capsule of anticancer of controlled-release was newly developped. The capsule has both controlled release and durability of efficacy.
Radiation-induced polymerization of glassforming monomers was acted in the presence of methyl methacrylate polymer (PMMA) at low temperature (-78°C) and with γ-rays of ⁶⁰Co(1x10⁵R/Hr.).
In biological test average survival days of control group is 11.1 days. The group of low concentration of Lot 747 (0.25mg/Kg/day) is vitality percentage of 40%. Average survival day is more than 46.5 days and percentage of the prolongation life is more than percentage of 418.
In the structure of tissue of the region that capsule of MMC was burned, the reaction of stimulus and foreign body was slightly proved. There was slight influence on blood.

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High ammonia concentration of blood was seen on giving L-asparaginase and L-arginine. So that the necessary equipment to eliminate ammonia was needed. On account of high rapid elimination of ammonia electro-dialyser was used in the report of this meeting of last year.
However electro-dialyser has complicated operation and problem of the amount used of blood. So orelite as adsorptive substance in the study of this time was used. As the result of that, ammonia was eliminated rapidly like electro-dialyser, L-argine was hydrolyzed and aspartic acid increased.
Acid base equilibrium, electrolyte of serum (Na, K and cl) and osmotic pressure were maintained.

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With the development of total parenteral nutrition, there is an increasing number of the patients, who require long-term maintenance of nutrition parenterally. An artificial gut system consisting of infusion bag, iv-line, and continuous infusion pump combined within the sepcial jacket was devised.

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Static tensile test, stress relaxation test and fluid dynamical test were carried out to investigate the relatioships between the mechanical deformation or stiffness of leaflets and the opening behaviour of bioprosthetic valves. The specimens used were fresh and glutaraldehyde (GA)-treated canine aortic valves. The deformability was found in the fresh specimen, medium in the 0.05% GA-treated tissue, while the 0.1-5.0% GA-treated tissues had the minimum deformability with almost the same material properties. In the fluid dynamical tests, the opening resistances of fresh and 0.05% GA-treated valves were less than those of 0.1-5.0% GA-treated valves. It was elucidated that the valve functions were closely related to the material properties of aortic valve leaflets.

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This study was made as the basic research for the developement of the new tri-leaflet valve prosthesis in aortic position.
The analysis of the opening characteristics of normal aortic valve has been made using isolated heart-lung preparations from 5 mongrel dogs.
In the opening phase of aortic valve, increase in the radius of commissure perimeter, distension of free margins of leaflets and circular orifice of the valve were observed.
Therefore, the valve area was larger than the aortic area at three commissures in closing phase.
The hydraulic effect of this mechanism was analyzed using hydraulic simmulation system.The tri-leaflet valveaortic root complex having this mechanism was advantageous in output flow and coefficient of hydraulic energy loss.
According to these experiments, a new type of tri-leaflet valve prosthesis in aortic position was proposed.

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Cardiac valve replacement (mechanical) has proven of value as a means of treating serious valvular disease. However, this surgical procedure may be associated with thromboembolism or hemolycis. Despite their current use the biological valves, notably tissue valves, are reported to be associated more frequently with regurgitation immediately after operation or during the late postoperative period than mechanical valves. In a study undertaken to clarify the pathogenetic mechanism of this complication a dura mater cardiac valve of high x-ray absorption was placed in a pulsating flow circuit and the movements of individual leaflets were recorded roentgenophotographically. The momentary pressure on individual leaflets at the the time of their opening and closure was measured simultaneously at 3 different points and compared with roentgenophotographic measurements.

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Atrial fibrillation is frequently observed in patients who undergo M V R. It causes low cardiac output syndrome and is sometimes fatal.
The purpose of this study is a hemodynamic comparison of two kinds of prosthetic valves, the Hancock porcine xenograft and the Starr-Edwards 6520 discoid valve, by the observation of stroke volume measured by Minnesota impedance cardiography in the patients who had atrial fibrillation after MVR.
As a result, when a preceding R-R interval became less than 0.5sec, stroke volume was reduced to less than 10ml, in the patients who had tachy-arrhythmia after MVR, with the use of the Starr-Edwards 6520 discoid valve.
On the other hand, in patients in whom the Hancock porcine xenograft was used, the preceding R-R interval became less than 0.5sec and stroke volume was more than 10ml.
In conclusion the Hancock porcine xenograft is hemodynamically superior with the occurrence of tachy-arrhythmia compared with the Starr-Edwards 6520 discoid valve.

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Complications related to glutalaldehyde preserved porcine bioprbstheses, such as thromboembolism and valvular dysfunction due to degenerative changes of valvular tissue propose problems for postoperative results of valve replacements, though the incidences are less when compared to that of mechanical prostheses.
Ultrasonic cardiography (UCG) and ultrasonic tomocardiography (UCT) were applied for 14 patients bearing Angell-Shiley (A-S) and H ancock (H) prostheses in mitral or aortic positions for the purpose of early and noninvasive diagnoses of the thrombus formation or valvular dysfunction.
Echocardiogram of bioprosthetic leaflets were recorded more clearly in A-S prostheses than H prostheses. Incidence of visualization was 100% in A-S prostheses and 60% in H prostheses both in mitral position and 0% in A-S prostheses in aortic position. The motions of the leaflets of the bioprostheses in mitral position were well recorded from apical portion in all cases, however they were not well visualized with UCT in the opening phase. Left atrial dimension index (LADI), which is presumed to represent left atrial volume or pressure overloading, were measured. Mean values of LADI were 33.7±5.1mm/sq M in A-S and 33.0±4.5mm/sq M in H prostheses preoperatively. Postoperative values were 29.5±6.0mm/sq M in A-S and 24.6±3.5mm/sq M in H prostheses, showing significantly higher decrement of LADI in H prostheses than A-S prostheses.

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We have practiced transtelephone PCG monitoring for the management of the patients who have undergone the operation of the prosthetic heart valve. For this system we developed PCG amplifier which has two low cut filters, filter M and filter SH. Each of low cut frequency as following; filter M is 160Hz and filter SH is 2kHz. By using this filter SH, only metallic sound of the prosthetic valve was recorded. While we used this amplifier at O. P. D. to judge the function of prosthetic valve, we could find the malfunction of SAM valve in an early stage. We decided, this system is available for the diagnosis of the malfunction of the prosthetic valve.

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We evaluated late the in vivo hemodynamic function of Björk-Shiley prostheses in 15 patients who had undergone aortic valve replacement. Cardiac catheterization was performed at rest and during exercise in 5 pts with size 19·21·23 valves (Group I) in an average of 45 months, and in 10 pts with size 25·27·29 valves (Group II) in an average of 10 months after operation.
The left ventricle was catheterized by the transseptal technique postoperatively.
The average aortic mean systolic gradient in G-I was 25mmHg at rest and 46mmHg during exercise. It in G-II was 5mmHg at rest and 6mmHg during exercise.
The average calculated orifice area in G-I was 1.14cm² at rest and 1.27cm² during exercise. And it in G-II was more than 2.0cm².
Left ventricular function such as cardiac index, end-diastolic volume and ejection fraction was unchanged for the group. However, LVEDP in 2 pts in G-I elevated abnormally at rest. Thus, patients in G-I had functional

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Porcine stented xenograft has been less favorable hemodynamic function in aortic position.
In 5 cases of AVR using porcine xenograft, preoperative and postoperative hemodynamics has been evaluated. The transvalvular pressure gradients were significant and calculated valve areas were small.
In order to investigate the cause of these disadvantageous properties of porcine stented xenograft, we have made the analysis of opening characteristics of normal aortic valve using isolated heart-lung preparations and hydraulic simmulation using tri-leaflet valve hearing aortic root model.
In the opening phase of aortic valve, increase in the radius of comnissure perimeter, distension of free margins of leaflets and circular orifice of the valve were observed. Therefore, the valve area was larger than the aortic area at three commissures in closing phase.
Stented xenograft, however, dose not have these mechanism. It is the reason why stented xenografts show hemodynamically disadvantageous properties, especially in small sizes. So, porcine stented xenograft must not be used in aortic position when the valve size is small.

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Ten different Types of mechanical and biological heart valves were compared by hydrodynamically. The resistance against forward flow, leakage after valvular closure and regurgitation during valvular closing were studied and discussed. Of ten prosthetic valves tested, the resistance and the leakage were observed to be minimum with the Hall-Kaster valve. The. S. J. M. valve chosed rapidly and was quick in response. The resistance of the biological valves was greater than that of the ball valve. However the biolgical valves showed very minimum leakage with quick respouse in valvular closing.

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Although newly developed polymethylmethacrylate membrane shows better dialysis performance in vivo in single experimental procedures, long term effect by maintenance' dialysis has not been studied.
In this regard we tried long term maintenance dialysis for three patients of renal failure with Toray B-1 Filtryzer (TBF). Two cases were treated with TBF for three months and one for ten months.
As UFRP of TBF is 6.4ml/mmHg/hr, this dialyzer shows better permeability for water and large molecular size substsnces, while permeability for small molecules such as urea is slightly less than cellulose acetate membrane dialyzers.
The sign and symptomes which had been improved with TBF and not with cellulose acetate membrane dialyzer were hypertension, platelet aggregation ability, erythrocyte membrane fragility test determined by coil planet centrifuge system and patients' feeling of well-being.
Although decrease of middle molecule peak was prominent in the appearance of Sephadex G15 gel chromatography, changes of motor nerve conduction velocity was not so significant.
TBF can improved some dialysis-refractory uremic symptomes, but it is still controversial whether characteristic high permeability for water and large molecules is related with the observed clinical results.

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Two cases of psoriasis and another 2 cases of schizophrenia were treated with hemodialysis. Obvious inprovement was observed in all 4 cases. In one patient with psoriasis lymphocyte, serum immunogloblin and complements increased during a cotirse of dialysis therapy and decreased again after cessation of the treatment. As for schizophrenic patients auditory hallucination was tended to decrease in spite of a discontinuation of drug therapy.
From these finding it is suggested that psoriasis and schizophrenia are indicated for dialysis therapy.

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Cleansing effect of ultrasound on the dialysis membrane was investigated by two experiments.
In the first experiment, blood flow from a dog was devided equally into two parts and continuously ultrasonicirradiated hemodialysis in one part, non-irradiated hemodialysis as a control in another part were performed for 6 hours.
In the second experiment, using the same equipment but flowing saline in equal flow rate in place of the blood ultrasonic irradiation in one part and non-irradiation as a control in another part on both used hemodialysis membranes actually in uremic patients were performed simultaneously for several different periods.
Adhered protein quantities on the irradiated or non-irradiated membranes were measured after each experiments and cleansing rates were calculated. High cleansing rates by ultrasonic irradiation were shown in almost of both experiments but wrose cleansing rate was observed in 100KHZ, 50W ultrasonic irradiation in the first experiment.
Hemolysis progressed in proportion to irradiation time was observed in 19. 19.5, 29, and 50KHZ, but not in 100KHZ.

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Biocompatibilities of the PMMA-HFAK were compared with those of the cellulosic HFAK through the analyses of the deposits on them used clinically or experimentally. The amounts of the proteins deposited on them were the same for both HFAK. Morphological changes of adhered platelets were milder for PMMA-HFAK than for cellulosic HFAK. More deposits were found on the arterial side than on the venous side. The profound transient leukopenia was found in the dog in vivo studies for cellulosic HFAK, but the phenomenon was moderate for PMMA-HFAK.

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