The purpose of this study was to examine the nutritional effect on calcium stone disease in Japan following World War II and secondly to investigate the relationship between urinary electrolyte excretion and dietary intake clinically. The following results were obtained.
1) tone disease and nutritional environment: Renal stone disease in the late 1970's increased by about three times than that of the 1940's. Fats and oils, animal protein and calcium intake increased emarkably after the World War II and consumption of milk plus milk products, meat and animal products also increased remarkably compared with 1950's values.
2) Calcium stone former and dietary habbits: A survey of the diet was made in approximately 140 male calcium stone formers, ranging from 20 to 59 years of age, (41.6±0.9: Mean±Standard Error) for periods of successive five days to two weeks. The results were compared with the data of healthy Japanese resulting from the National Nutrition Survey (1980) and the Recommended Allowance for Daily Nutrients Requirement (1975-1985) in Japanese (recommended by the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare). The ingested amount of calcium was unexpectedly small (432 mg/day) and did not reach the level of the allowance (600 mg/day). It was found that the ingested magnesium in stone formers was very small because the insufficient ingestion of vegetable. The ratio of milk and milk products to the ingested amount of calcium was under twenty-five per cent and under 200 mg/day in most cases.
3) Diet and urinary electrolyte excretion: A comparative study of urinary electrolyte excretion and the ingested nutriment on the same day was made. The ingested amount of total protein correlated with urinary calcium excretion (p<0.01) and had the highest coefficient of determination to the urinary calcium excretion by multiple regression analysis.
From these results we have concluded that the individual dietary guidance fitted to individual dietary habits should be the primary measure for the prophylaxis of renal stone disease.

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The circadian adrenocortical rhythm has been established to be synchronized by feeding-fasting cycles more than light-dark cycles in rats. To elucidate roles of food intake in the formation of the rhythm in human subjects, the plasma level of cortisol was measured at circadian intervals in patients fed on an elementary diet intraduodenally. When the diet was given continuously throughout 24 hr for 2 weeks, the plasma cortisol level did not show any consistent rhythmic changes even under a normal light-dark schedule (lights on from 7 a. m. to 9 p. m.). When the diet was given from 7 a. m. to 11 p. m. every day, there was a clear circadian cortisol rhythm with a peak at 7 a. m., of which pattern was quite similar to that found in normal subjects fed orally.
It was concluded that food, more than light, is a potent synchronizer of the circadian adrenocortical rhythm in men, as in laboratory animals.

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Carnitine is known to play a key role in the metabolism of free fatty acids in mitochondria. Recently it has been established that the content of serum carnitine is reduced in patients with abnormal fat metabolism or malnutrition. Moreover, β-oxidation is inhibited in ischemic myocardium and a clinical administration of carnitine is reported to have favorable effects on patients with ischemic heart disease. From these facts, it is considered to be physiologically most preferable to intake carnitine from daily foods and to keep the normal fatty acid metabolism. In this paper, quantitative analyses of the contents of free carnitine (FC), short-chain carnitine (SC), long-chain carnitine (LC) and total carnitine (TC) in daily foods were performed by Pearson's method using acetylcarnitine transferase.
Little carnitine was contained in vegetable foods, except for avocados which contained 7.7mg% FC and 12.2mg% TC. The FC/TC ratios in animal foods used in this experiment were assured to be between 50% and 80% with some exceptions. Among marine products, muscle of Broughton's ribbed arks (akagai) had the highest contents of FC (134.4mg%) and TC (175.4mg%). High contents of carnitine were also detected from other muscular products such as shell ligaments (kaibashira), squids (moika) or prawns (kurumaebi). Fish with white flesh or Pacific saucy (sanma) showed comparatively low content of carnitine. Among meats, the highest content of carnitine was detected from beef (rump) followed by salami, pork and ham. The content of carnitine in milk was very low. Little carnitine was detected from milk made from beans, and none from eggs.

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Effects of dietary protein level and addition of egg yolk on the growth and plasma lipids in rats were studied. Weanling male rats of Wistar strain were divided into 4 test groups: 10% casein (10C), 10% casein+0.6% dried egg yolk (10CE), 20% casein (20C), 20% casein+0.6% dried egg yolk (20CE). The diets were fed to the rats from 12 through 17 o'clock for 10 weeks.
There were no significant differences between 20C and 20CE in body weight, food intake, plasma cholesterol (Ch), HDL-Ch, plasma triacylglycerol (TG), plasma phospholipid (PL) and carcass compo-sition.
Body weight, food intake and carcass crude fat in 10CE were significantly higher than those in 10C. Carcass moisture in 10CE was significantly lower than that in 10C. Plasma TG in 10C and 10CE was significantly lower than that in 20C and 20CE. Plasma Ch and HDL₂-Ch in 10CE were significantly higher than that in 20CE at the end of the 4th week, but at the end of the 8th week there were no differences among them.
Egg yolk and dietary protein levels had little effect on HDL₃-Ch, plasma and HDL ester ratio, HDL-Ch/plasma Ch, plasma PL and carcass crude protein.
In conclusion, egg yolk was thought to have little or no effect when rats were fed the 20% casein diet; however, when rats were fed the 10% casein diet, addition of egg yolk caused rise in food intake and nutritional condition was presumed to be improved to some extent.

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Three groups of weanling male rats were fed for five weeks with diets, to which were added 0, 20 and 200mg/100g of roughly equal mixture of α-, β-, γ- andδ-tocopherols (Toc-0, Toc-20 and Toc200, respectively). After feeding, a comparative study on tissue uptake and accumulation of each tocopherol was made by analyzing tocopherols in various tissues of those rats, using high performance liquid chromatography.
1) No significant differences were found among three groups in growth of rat during feeding and in the relative organ weight after feeding.
2) In general, α-tocopherol showed the highest concentration of four forms in various tissues, and the tissue level of each tocopherol had a tendency to increase with increment in the diet. But, the extent of the tendency varied with different tissues and tocopherols; thus, that was the most manifest with each tocopherol level in small intestine, α-tocopherol level in liver and with δ-tocopherol level in adipose tissue. However, there was no significant difference in each tocopherol level in brain between Toc-20 and Toc-200 groups.
3) In Toc-20 group, showed nearly normal vitamin E level, no marked difference was noted in the concentration of α-tocopherol among various tissues except serum. In Toc-200 group, showed excessively high vitamin E level, it was found to accumulate preferentially α-tocopherol in liver, and δ- tocopherol in adipose tissue.

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Trans-fatty acid contents of blood serum from healthy female university students (15 persons), adipose tissues obtained surgically (13 specimens) and regular meals of the university refectory (for 18 days) were measured. In almost all samples analyzed, t-octadecenoate was the prototype of trans-fatty acids and small amounts of tc-or ct-octadecadienoate were detected. Adipose tissue contained trans-fatty acids less than 5% of total fatty acids (mean value 2.5%). Though the students were fed the same meal until blood withdrwal, there were predictable differences in the contents of trans-fatty acids, ranging 1.5-8.3% (mean value 4%). The trans-fatty acid contents of refectory regular meals averaged 1.5% (range 0.7-3.6%) and daily intake was being estimated to be 0.8g. It seems that intake of trans-fatty acids and hence the extent of trans-fatty acid deposition in the body are considerably low in Japanese as compared with those of Western populations.

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The fatty acid and tocopherol (Toc) compositions in 13 different refined vegetable oil were determined by gas and high performance liquid chromatographies, and the ratio of α-Toc to polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was calculated. The lowest concentration of α-Toc was found in coconut oil. Safflower, cottonseed, rice bran and sesam oil showed similar ranges of α-Toc concentration. A high concentration of α-Toc was found in sunflower oil. On the other hand, those oils with a ratio of α-Toc mg/PUFA g less than 0.4 included soybean, peanut, coconut, palm kernal and safflower oil. Toc contained in oil decomposed by heating and also the ratio of α-Toc to PUFA decreased during heating.
Liver and kidney tissues from rats fed with fresh soybean oil had higher concentration of the α-Toc than those obtained from thermally oxidized soybean oil group. The molar ratio of PUFA/α-Toc in tissues from rats fed with thermally oxidized soybean oil had slightly higher ratio than did tissues from rats fed with fresh soybean oil.

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The nutritive values of the protein produced free from the yeast cells (Trichosporan sp. X-19) in acidic cultural condition (pH 3.0) were examined by both in vitro digestion tests and rat feeding trials. The results obtained were as follows:
1) In vitro digestibilities of the ECP by two enzymes, pepsin and trypsin, were similar to those of casein.
2) Compared to the essential amino acid scoring pattern published by FAO/WHO (1973), the ECP was found to be lower in sulfur-containing amino acids, which were the first limiting amino acid. The amino acid score was calculated to be 45.
3) Protein efficiency ratios (PERs) of the ECP at 10 and 25% protein levels were 0.32 and 0.90, respectively, and were much lower than those of casein (2.68 and 1.38). By adding 0.5% of L-methio-nine to the ECP-containing diets, however, PERs increased to the values almost equal to those of casein.
4) Though the true digestibility of the ECP was comparable to that of casein, biological value (BV) and net protein utilization (NPU) were much lower than those of casein. However, both BV and NPU became similar to those of casein by the supplementation of methionine.

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The effect of mixed indigestive carbohydrate, socalled dietary fiber, on the gastrointestinal tract and serum components were studied in rats raised for 6 weeks on diets containing 10 or 20% of mixed fiber consisted of 43% of hemicellulose, 32% of cellulose, 14% of lignin and 11% of pectin, and compared with rats fed with diets containing 20% of cellulose or pectin. The following results were obtained.
1) The stool weight in the mixed fiber groups was increased remarkedly, and the gastrointestinal transit time was significantly shortened.
2) Mixed fiber, as well as cellulose, induced the hypertrophy of colon, but not of cecum.
3) Mixed fiber, as well as pectin or cellulose ingestion, decreased significantly the duodenal alka-line phosphatase activity, but not sucrase activity.
4) Pectin decreased the serum triacylglycerol and calcium concentrations, but mixed fiber did not affect the serum concentrations of cholesterol, triacylglycerol, calcium and inorganic phosphorus, and the liver cholesterol concentration.

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A method for fractional extraction of pectic substances of vegetable tissues was developed in which diluted HCl, acetate buffer and sodium hexametaphosphate solutions were successively used as extractants.
The degree of esterification and the neutral sugar content of HCl-soluble pectin components were higher than those of acetate buffer-soluble pectin components. On addition of CaCl₂ solution, the solution of acetate buffer soluble pectin components formed some precipitates, but that of HCl-soluble pectin component did not.
Most of the pectic substances were extracted from tissues of Japanese radish, turnip, potato and Indian lotus root with 0.01 N HCl and 0.1M acetate buffer solution at 35°C. This strongly suggests that protopectin which is considered to be formed by linking of pectins with insoluble hemicelluloses through covalent bonds is absent from these vegetable cell walls.
Vegetable tissues which contain more HCl-soluble pectin components than acetate buffer soluble ones seem to be easier in thermal maceration than those having less HCl-soluble components than acetate buffer soluble ones.

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We examined the effect of a new enriched rice fortified with vitamins and minerals similar to the brown raw rice on blood pressure, hemoglobin, urinary corticosteroids and dark adaptation in 20 rural women aged 57 years on the average. They have engaged in farming and eaten hitherto a rice diet enriched solely with thiamine.
The results obtained after eating the new enriched rice for one year were (1) decrease of diastolic blood pressure from 81±3 (initial value) to 76±3 (final value) mmHg, (2) increase of hemoglobin from 13.2±0.2 to 14.8±0.3g/100ml, (3) decrease of urinary excretion of 17-OH corticosteroids from 2.4±0.1 to 1.1±0.1mg/8hr, (4) increase of urinary pantothenic acid from 0.31±0.08 to 1.11±0.34mg/8hr. Since the most pronounced change of the constituent in the new enriched rice was the increase of pantothenic acid compared with the former enriched rice, the above mentioned beneficial results might be ascribed mostly to the effect of increased pantothenic acid.
Concerning the effect of vitamin to lower the blood pressure, authors suggested the increased activity of parasympathetic nervous system as a result of sufficient supply of the vitamin. Parasympathetic stimulation is known often to counteract the sympathetic which can cause the arterial pressure to increase.
The threshold value of dark adaptation was decreased only slightly, i. e., from 8.6±0.8 to 7.7±1.1mm even after 9 months feeding. After the supplementation of vitamin A from this time the improvement of threshold value was so remarkable that the value decreased to 4.5±0.6mm (slightly subnormal value) at the end of the experiment. The results indicate the prevailing shortage of vitamin A among the people though their dietary supply of the vitamin was estimated to be nearly adequate to the requirement.

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The gastrointestinal contents of rats given 20% casein diets containing either sucrose or α-corn starch as a carbohydrate source and 1% polyethylene glycol were analyzed. Ingested carbohydrates were rapidly digested and absorbed in the proximal intestine. Delay of stomach emptying occurred when dietary carbohydrate was suddenly changed from starch to sucrose. Digestibility of protein in the stomach was reduced and the stomach emptying was delayed with sucrose feeding. Protein was absorbed in the mid or distal part of the small intestine. Different carbohydrates did not modify the absorptive site for protein. The intestinal soluble fraction contained predictable amounts of proteins with molecular weight of around 30, 000, presumably of endogenous origin.

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The purpose of this study with young rats is to determine the effects of dietary calcium (0.5%) and phytate/zinc molar ratios of 10 on the bioavailability of zinc and other minerals in a low protein (10%) diet based on unpolished rice.
Twenty-four male Charles River rats, weighing about 40g, were divided into three groups of eight animals : control group, unpolished rice group, and Na-phytate group (dietary calcium 0.5% and Na-phytate/zinc molar ratios of 10). The rats were fed three kinds of diets by pair feeding for 35 days.
In addition, model systems demonstrating phytic acid bound affinity with zinc and other minerals were examined at different pH conditions.
1) The concentration of Zn and Cu in the left tibia, Fe in the spleen and Cu in the serum of the unpolished rice group significantly decreased compared with those of pair fed control group. This result indicated that the utilization of Zn, Cu and Fe in the diet was inhibited by phytic acid in unpolished rice.
2) The content of Fe in the spleen of the Na-phytate group significantly decreased compared with the control group. The effect of Na-phytate on the mineral metabolism of rats was observed in the spleen.
3) Each concentration of minerals in the liver, kidney, testes and muscles of the rats were observed to have no evidence of phytic acid in the unpolished rice diets or Na-phytate diets.
4) In addition, the model systems demonstrating phytic acid bound affinity with minerals were in the order of Cu>Fe>Zn>Ca>Mg at pH 7.0, Fe>Zn>Cu>Ca>Mg at pH 7.5 and Fe>Zn>Mg>Cu>Ca at pH 8.0.

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The energy intake of hospital diet has been calculated by nutritionist according to the recommended dietary allowance in Japan. We investigated the energy intake, mineral intake and fatty acid composition of cooked daily diet consumed by an inpatient who has no diet restriction. The used diets for analysis were offered by an attached hospital of a university and these diets contain above 1, 800 kcal of energy and 65 g of protein per day. The sample homogenized and stored at -20°C until analysis.
The results obtained were as follows.
1) The daily intake of protein, fat, carbohydrates and fiber were approximately 67 g, 50g, 330 g and 15 g respectively and total energy intake was about 2, 100 kcal.
2) The daily intakes of Na, K, Ca, P, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn were approximately 5, 200 mg, 2, 560 mg, 560 mg, 1, 030 mg, 220 mg, 17.3 mg, 7.8 mg, 1.8 mg and 3.4 mg, respectively.
3) About 23% of total energy intake was derived from crude fats. When the fatty acid composition of these fats were determined the ratio of saturated fatty acids, mono-unsaturated fatty acid and poly-unsaturated fatty acids was about 1: 1: 1.

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Pyrolysis characteristics of honey and highfructose corn syrup (HF) were investigated by thermogravimetry (TG) and derivative thermo gravimetry (DTG). Used samples were 20 kinds of honey, of which floral and geographical sources were known, and 3 kinds of HF with different ratio of fructose/glucose (F/G ratio). Results obtained were as follows:
1) By TG and DTG, rapid reduction in the weights of fructose, glucose and sucrose were observed in the ranges of 200-300°C and 500-600°C. But, pyrolysis behavior in the range of 200-300°C varied with the kind of sugars.
2) In the TG and DTG curves of HF with the F/G ratio of 1.28, the stage of rapid weight reduction in the range of 200-300°C was divided into two steps. This seemed to be a characteristic behavior of glucose. In the case of HF with the F/G ratio of 5 or more, patterns of TG and DTG were analogous to that of fructose.
3) TG and DTG curves of honey were classified into three patterns, and each pattern differed from that of HF. Patterns of Chinese milk vetch honey from Japan and China belonged to type I, and those of linden honey from Japan and China to type III. Particularly, DTG curves of the latter at final pyrolysis were characteristic.
4) In TG and DTG test for mixtures of honey and HF (F/G ratio, 1.28), it was observed that the patterns of DTG curve of honey with the mixed of HF at 25% or more differed from that of the original honey.

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