The serum cholinestrase activity levels of 378-433 residents of the citrus fruit area of Ikata-cho, Nishiuwa-gun, Ehime Prefecture were measured three times (nine times in the N area) according to the Shibata-Takahashi method in an attempt to conduct an epidemiological study on the factors responsible for the drops.
1. The distribution of serum cholinestrase activity levels is practically normal. The mean value and standard deviation are 0.720±0.116-0.751±0.15ΔpH for males and 0.724±0.152-0.749±0.138ΔpH. The rate of persons with slight drops (0.60-0.75ΔpH) stands at 5.18-64.4%, that of persons with intermediate drops (0.30-0.55ΔpH) at 4.3-13.0% and that of persons with high drops (less than 0.30ΔpH) at 0%.
2. There is no sex and area differences in the serum cholinestrase activity level, but significantly lower values are registered by aged males (in their 60's and 70's) and females in their 30's than the mean value.
3. It is surmised that the age, physical constitution and other physiological factors, heat, fatigue, and food are correlated to the drops in the cholinestrase activity level. The effects of organophosphorous insecticides and other agents harmful to serum cholinestrase are unknown.
4. The incidence of anemia is high among those whose serum cholinestrase level is low at all times. Among the males, a positive correlation with the Hb value is observed. In addition, there is one case seized with uterine myoma.

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It is considered that the physical load of the farmers in our country is being decreased according to the progress of mechanization in the agricultural works. However the actual conditions of the physical load of them are not yet confirmed enough. In the present study, the author aimed to determine experimentally the energy expenditure throughout the year and the grade of fatigue in busy seasons on the rice farmers in the present time. The experimental subjects in the study consist of six marriged couples who mainly engaged in rice farming in a district of Nagasaki. In the farming fields and their homes a series of the time atudies were carried out during 3 days monthly through the year, energy metabolism was measured for their agricultual activities on the method of Douglas bag, and daily energy expenditure was determined. In the busy seasons for rice planting, flicker fusion frequency, threshold of tendon reflex, near point, Donaggio's reaction and Na/K in urine were repeatedly determined, in order to evaluate the fatigue in the seasons. The results were compared with those obtained by Sekiguchi and others in the former time of 1949-1950 when the rice farming work was less mechanized.
(1) Daily farming times were about 5hours in men, and 3.8hours in women, on average in year.
(2) The obtained values of relative metabolic rates (RMR) on many farming activities were almost the same as those recently reported by other authors. RMRs were determined by the author on some of the new works, which in mordern rice farming had appeared.
(3) On some typical farming works being done seasonally, the values were calculated for mean RMR during a few hours when the subjects were in successive different elementary activities for farming and at times in rest, from the result of time studies and determined RMR value of each elemental activity.
(4) Mean daily energy expenditure in men were 2664Cal through a year 3440Cal in spring of busy season and 3220 Cal in autumn, likewise that in women 2374Cal, 2650Cal and 2502Cal respectively. This annual mean value of 2664 Cal in the males is lower by 550Cal than that of 3200Cal by Sekiguchi. It is obvious that mechanization in rice farming works has decreased energy expenditure in the farmers.
(5) The ranges of the variations in above mentioned three physiological function tests were within five percent during the busy seasons, and the change of the fliker values according to that of farming hours was less than that in the papers reported when the mechanization in agriculture was not so progressed as present. Thus, it is suggested that the fatigue of the rice farmers in the present time are lowered due to the mechanization of the agricultural works.

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An epidemiolgical survey as well as a case study on the skin hazards due to dithiocarbamate fungicides, such as Maneb and Manzeb (Mancozeb), were carried out. The results were summarized as follows;
1. From the epidemiological survey, the incidence rate of skin lesions due to the dithiocarbamates in three areas were 42.4%(39/92), 43.3%(113/261) and 27.6%(42/151), respectively.
2. The skin lesions appeared generally in face, hands and nape of neck and collar areas and also in covered areas of the body such as breast, back and so forth.
3. By patch testing with a dithiocarbamate “Maneb” the positive reactions in 40 cases tested were observed in 18%, 23% and 15% of the subject with 0.1%, 0.05% and 0.025% preparations, respectively.
The results suggested that allergic type of contact dermatitis is involved in the skin hazard due to the dithiocarbamate fungicides.

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This report is an attempt to elucidate on the diagnosis and surgical treatment of a polyp with a broad base (breitstig) in the duodenum of a 40-year-old housewive whose main complaint consisted of a pain in the upper abdomen and vomitting.

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Two-hundred and eighty-two consecutive transurethral resections were reviewed. No postoperative death occurred. Transfusion was unnessesary. The largest prostate needed 69minutes and the resected tissues weighed 92gm. Uncomplicated cases were discharged after a week's hospital stay. Prostatic hypertrophy and related conditions are common among farmers. Transurethral resection is safe and beneficial to them.

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