Journal of the Japan Society of Precision Engineering
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Volume 48, Issue 3
Displaying 1-21 of 21 articles from this issue
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  • The Mechanical Properties of Grinding Wheel Materials with Vitrified Bonds (2nd Report)
    Stress-strain Relations
    Takaaki NAGAO, Norio TAKENAKA, Nobuyuki NAKAJIMA, Shojiro OKADA
    1982 Volume 48 Issue 3 Pages 287-292
    Published: March 05, 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: February 16, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2493/jjspe1933.48.287
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    The stress-strain relations of grinding wheel materials with vitrified bonds are theoretically deduced. The matrix is idealized as a system composed of spherical grains with bonds, and an ellipsoidal force distribution around a grain is assumed. A linear interaction between the adjacent grains is also assumed, the relation between the microscopic forces acting on them and their displacement is deduced, and the macroscopic stress-strain relations are obtained by averaging them. This reveals the stress dependency of the elastic moduli of grinding wheel materials with vitrified bonds. This also clarifies that they are related with the Young's moduli and the Poisson's ratios of grains and bonds, the mean distance between the adjacent grains, the radius and the thickness of bonds, and grain volume ratio.
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  • Equivalent Linearized Transfer Function of PWM-mode Servo Systems
    Yoshitsugu KAMIYA, Sakiichi OKABE, Yasuo YOKOYAMA
    1982 Volume 48 Issue 3 Pages 293-298
    Published: March 05, 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2493/jjspe1933.48.293
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    Accounting for the development of automation, PWM (pulse width modulation)-modeamplifiers have been used in many servo mechanisms. The merits of PWM-mode amplifiers are low cost because of the recent development of high power transistors and low loss of energy. But it is difficult to find the quantitative characteristics of the PWM-mode amplifier in the closed loop that includes the PWM-mode amplifier, because the PWM-mode amplifier has the nonlinear dynamic characteristics. In this study we find the equivalent linearized transfer function of the PWM-mode amplifiers according to analyzing the relation between the input and the output signals of the PWM-mode amplifiers in the frequency domain. As the results of this study, it is found that the dynamic characteristics of the equivalent linearized transfer function are well agreed with the dynamic characteristics of the PWM-mode amplifier on the step responses and the frequency characteristics of the PWM-mode amplifier by the analog simulation of the PWM-mode amplifier. And it is also shown that the carrier frequency of the PWM-mode amplifiers shows the dither effect for the solid friction.
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  • Observation of the Deformation of the Cylindrical Surface under the Axial Load at Several Lubricated Conditions Using the Method of Holographic Interferometry
    Satoshi KAKUNAI, Yoshio WATANABE
    1982 Volume 48 Issue 3 Pages 299-304
    Published: March 05, 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2493/jjspe1933.48.299
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    This paper deals with the assistant method to conjecture the lubricated condition at the interface between tools and specimens in cylindrical specimens under the axial load. This method is based on the minute and continuous observation of thedeformation of the cylindrical surface adjacent to the contact area under the axial load by using the holographic interferometry. For the purpose of ensuring the availability of this method, effects of lubricant viscosities, the machined surface shapes and height to diameter ratios of specimens on the deformation of cylindrical surface are discussed and illustrated if necessary.
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  • Shape Generation Process of Work and Tool in Polishing
    On Polyurethane-polishing of Optical Glass
    Kunihiro TANAKA, Yoshio TANAKA, Mamoru IDO
    1982 Volume 48 Issue 3 Pages 305-310
    Published: March 05, 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2493/jjspe1933.48.305
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    Characteristics of the shape generation process are investigated in polyurethane-polishing. Polishings are carried out in two cases: one is for crude polisher by using cast iron, the other for optical glass by the polished polisher. The applied machine has the same mechanism as is usually used in fabricating optical lenses and optical flats. Experimental results show that fundamental characteristics are almost the same as is found in the rotation/reciprocation lapping. Especially, in the latter polishing, the following facts are revealed. (1) The stock removal ratio of the polisher to the glass changes as the polishing proceeds or surface finish of the glass is improved. (2) The process is analogous to that in a hypothetical lapping where a time variant stock removal ratio is assumed to be. (3) The behavior of the process is represented by a linear differential equation whose parameters vary with the time depending upon the stock removal ratio.
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  • Analysis and Application of Two Degree-of-freedom Vibration Absorber (1st Report)
    Development of Parameter Less-sensitive Damper
    Yohji OKADA, Michio KURATA, Hua Ji YANG
    1982 Volume 48 Issue 3 Pages 311-316
    Published: March 05, 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: February 16, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2493/jjspe1933.48.311
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    One of the effective means of increasing modal damping, which has been adopted in a number of instances, is by the use of dynamic vibration absorbers. The major limitation, however, is the requirement for the auxiliary absorber system parameters to be matched with those of the main structure. Mismatching will result in a severe deterioration in performance. This paper introduces a two degree-of-freedom vibration damper which has two damper masses coupled serially to the main structure. Analyzing the various damper parameters, two design methods were calculated with the aid of a computer. The first one determines the auxiliary system parameters so that the main structure has the lowest peak resonances. The other one is based on the philosophy that a damper's performance should be less sensitive to the parameter changes in the main structure. Despite its design complexity, this insensitiveness is very convenient for practical use. The experimental results clarify the validity of those design criteria.
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  • Design System of Bolted Joints (1st Report)
    Development of Strength Design Program
    Kazuo MARUYAMA, Masaya HAGIWARA
    1982 Volume 48 Issue 3 Pages 317-322
    Published: March 05, 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2493/jjspe1933.48.317
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    The computer program is developed for the strength design of the single-bolted joint. This program is based on the published studies, but the new method is developed where transverse force and bending moment operate. The results obtained through the compilation of this program are as follows: (1) For the systematization of the strength design, it is indicated that the calculation system in which the joint is replaced by single-bolted joint model is more advantageous. And in this case the general equations are obtained for the load condition in which transverse force and bending moment operate besides axial force. (2) The computer program based on the above method of calculation is developed.
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  • Analyses of Thermal Deformation of Workpiece in Honing Process (1st Report)
    Measuring Method of Thermal Deformation and Thermal Effect of Honing Condition
    Kazuhiro YOKOYAMA, Ryoichi ICHIMIYA
    1982 Volume 48 Issue 3 Pages 323-328
    Published: March 05, 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2493/jjspe1933.48.323
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    This paper presents the experimental analyses of thermal deformation of the workpiece due to heat generated between the workpiece and honing stone in honing operation. Inner surface of the cylindrical workpiece is honed where super-invar pins are set. Thermal deformation at the inner surface is calculated from the thermal deformation at the outer surface of workpiece and the convex dimension of super-invar pin on the inner surface at room temperature. The results indicate that cylindrical workpiece shows nearly isothermal expansion. Inner diameter of the workpiece at room temperature becomes smaller as much as thermal deformation than the diameter at end of honing, however the honing heat does not significantly affect on the geometrical accuracy of the workpiece. Greater the expansion pressure of honing stone, the revolution of spindle and the over-run of honing stone, straightly greater the thermal deformation appears. When the flow rate of coolant is greater, the thermal deformation appears exponentially smaller and then becomes gradually a steady value. The thermal deformation of workpiece shows a tendency proportional to stock removal in honing, however it is observed that these values are scattered.
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  • A Few Effects on the Formation of Burr in Micro Drilling
    Akira SUGAWARA
    1982 Volume 48 Issue 3 Pages 329-335
    Published: March 05, 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2493/jjspe1933.48.329
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    The formation of burr in micro drilling has a tendency to reduce in the case of drilling with minute drill feed in the workpiece containing with crystal grains of larger size. In this study, three postulations were set up to clarify this tendency, and following results were obtained by the method to verify the postulation experimentally. (1) When the cutting depth per one revolution is minute, minute protrusions on lip edge of drill act as lip edges individually, and micro drilling with small burr is possible to be realized. (2) Cutting resistance of drilling in the workpieces containing with small crystal grains becomes high comparing with the case of workpieces with large size grains on account of crystal anisotropy. (3) Area having easy formation of burr becomes broad in crystal grain of large size. But burr formation in micro drilling becomes small in the case of drilling in the workpiece with crystal grains of larger size, because crystal grain boundary which disturb the propagation of plastic deformation exist in close vicinity to drilled part in the relation of micro drill diameter and crystal grain size.
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  • Detection of the Starting Time of Grinding by Making Use of Acoustic Emission
    Yoshiaki KAKINO, Hiroshi EDA, Kozo KISHI, Takuro YAMADA, Akihiko FUJIW ...
    1982 Volume 48 Issue 3 Pages 336-340
    Published: March 05, 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2493/jjspe1933.48.336
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    Newly developed method using acoustic emission was compared with the conventional method using accelerometer for the performance in detecting the starting time of grinding. It was clarified that the starting time of grinding can be detected earlier by acoustic emission than by accelerometer, especially in the case of the workpiece with large eccentricity of the stock removal. Acoustic emission below 150 kHz measured soon after the start of grinding, was smaller by 10-15 dB than that measured afterwards. The power spectrum of acoustic emission measured soon after the start of grinding was very similar to that measured when two grinding wheels were scrubbed onto each other.
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  • Flatness Controlling Lapping/Polishing Machine
    Atsunobu UNE, Yoshiyuki UENO
    1982 Volume 48 Issue 3 Pages 341-347
    Published: March 05, 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: February 16, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2493/jjspe1933.48.341
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    A lapping/polishing machine has been newly designed and constructed to produce precise flat surfaces efficiently. The machine can control the shape of a base plate by varying the pressure distribution on the work plates and the conditioning rings. It is also possible to control the shape of the base plate by changing the rotating speeds of the base plate and the work plates. Stable floating characteristics and vibration suppression to less than 1 μm are attained by using hydrodynamic bearings for the base plate bearings. Accurate and large loading are also attained by using parallel leaf springs. The base plate and work plate surfaces are lapped within a few microns by controlling the pressure distribution. The base plate always attains an isothermal state during silicon wafer polishing, because the upper and lower surface temperatures of the base plate rise simultaneously due to polishing and motor power heat. On the other hand, the work plates are deformed thermally. Therefore, two-layer discs with a larger coefficient of thermal expansion in the upper layer were used to reduce thermal deformation. As a result, it has been proved that highly accurate polishing may be attained efficiently by using the machine.
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  • Hole Accuracy with Carbide-tipped Reamers (3rd Report)
    Multi-cornered Hole Profile and the Effectof Cutting Conditions on It
    Keizo SAKUMA, Hiroshi KIYOTA
    1982 Volume 48 Issue 3 Pages 348-353
    Published: March 05, 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2493/jjspe1933.48.348
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    The forming process of multi-corner profiled hole machined with carbide tipped reamer is examined by means of giving the forced vibration on the tool shank by electrodynamic exciter under cutting. Frequency of vibratory movement of tool axis observed in radial directions corresponds to that of integral times of Z, number of teeth, in spite of containing the fraction in loaded exciting frequency. Difference of effect of the fraction on the bending frequency of the tool shank in exciting directionand that in direction of right angle to it leads to periodic variation of the process during cutting. When varying width of tool margin and cutting conditions in reaming steel, hole profile contains many other corner components than that observed in appearance. Multi-cornered profile corresponding to the case of n=1, e. g., seven cornered shape, using six-teethed reamer, is produced under larger burnishing torque. Natural frequency of spidle-tool system has occasionally influence on sectional profile in reamed hole under smaller burnishing torque when cutting speed is higher.
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  • Study on the Electrolytic Grinding (2nd Report)
    Selection of Operating Conditions
    Kohji ONO, Tsutomu SHIMAMUNE, Masaaki MOCHIDA, Shinobu HIRAYAMA
    1982 Volume 48 Issue 3 Pages 354-359
    Published: March 05, 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: February 16, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2493/jjspe1933.48.354
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    The selection of operating conditions without electric discharge is investigated experimentally and analytically in peripheral electrolytic grinding process. When electric discharge occurs, the electrode surface of grinding wheel is damaged, the efficiency of electrolyte declines, and the electrochemical removal rate decreases. The electric discharge occurs when the chip volume of mechanical grinding is more than an invariable value, which decreases linearly with an increasing applied voltage. The limiting work feed rate without electric discharge is derived analytically, and the reasonable operating conditions which increase the total removal rate and reduce the mechanical removal ratio are presented.
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  • Fracture Mechanism of Cermet Tools in Intermittent Cutting (1st Report)
    Research on the Cutting Performance and Fracture Process
    Hiroshi KAWABATA, Yoshio FUJIMURA, Shinichi NAKABAYASHI
    1982 Volume 48 Issue 3 Pages 360-365
    Published: March 05, 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2493/jjspe1933.48.360
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    Intermittent cutting operation is characterised by mechanical stresses due to cutting load together with thermal stresses arising from cyclic temperature fractuations. This paper presents the results of the cutting tests performed to examine the influence of mechanical stress on the performance of the three cermet tools (TiC simple carbide type, TiN added type, TaC added type) in an intermittent cutting operation. Machining tests were conducted on a lathe by cutting steel bars with narrow slots. Cutting speed was varied from 1. 25 m/s to 4. 17 m/s, but depth of cut (1. 5 mm) and feed rate (0.2 mm/rev) were maintained constant throughout the tests. In this experiment, the tool edge fracture was adopted as the criterion for tool failure. TiN added type tool which has highest bending strength shows the most excellent performance in intermittent cutting operations, but TaC added type tool which has poor bending strength tends to be fractured within a small number of impact times. Plotting the data of failure on the Weibull probability chart indicates that its distribution, could not be considered as the Weibull's probability distribution, but it could be divided into three parts named premature, stationary and final failure region. The increasing cutting speed which is accompanied by the increasing cutting temperature decreases the probability of the tool failure which occurs in the premature failure region, and increases the average tool life.
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  • Study on the Abrasive Cut-off Operation by the Constant Load (2nd Report)
    Characterization of Abrasive Cut-off Operation by Stationary Stochastic Process
    Motoyoshi HASEGAWA, Yuji NAKANISHI
    1982 Volume 48 Issue 3 Pages 366-370
    Published: March 05, 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2493/jjspe1933.48.366
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    The feed rate and the grinding ratio for abrasive cut-off process of S 50 C steel were analyzed 100 times in terms of different combination of grinding conditions. The analysis included the length of cut and the load. The tests were carried out at the wheel speed of 4 800 m/min in order to investigate the optimal abrasive cut-off system. Autoregressive-moving average model, ARMA(2, 1) is developed to represent the stochastic process of the feed rate and the grinding ratio. The feed rate and the grinding ratio are optimum when the pressure between the wheel and the workpiece is 6.67 N/mm2. Best abrasive cut-off performance by the constant load system is obtained by using the length of cut of 15 mm and the load of 300 N with the height of workpiece of 22 mm at the wheel speed of 4 800 m/min.
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japane ...
    1982 Volume 48 Issue 3 Pages 371-377
    Published: March 05, 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: February 16, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2493/jjspe1933.48.371
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
    1982 Volume 48 Issue 3 Pages 378-383
    Published: March 05, 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2493/jjspe1933.48.378
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese], [in Japanese]
    1982 Volume 48 Issue 3 Pages 384-387
    Published: March 05, 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2493/jjspe1933.48.384
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese]
    1982 Volume 48 Issue 3 Pages 388-393
    Published: March 05, 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: February 16, 2010
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2493/jjspe1933.48.388
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese]
    1982 Volume 48 Issue 3 Pages 394-398
    Published: March 05, 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2493/jjspe1933.48.394
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese]
    1982 Volume 48 Issue 3 Pages 399-400
    Published: March 05, 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2493/jjspe1933.48.399
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  • [title in Japanese]
    [in Japanese]
    1982 Volume 48 Issue 3 Pages 401-402
    Published: March 05, 1982
    Released on J-STAGE: June 30, 2009
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2493/jjspe1933.48.401
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