1.筆者および全国各地の観察者による鳥類センサス資料を用いて,日本の森林における繁殖期の鳥類群集の種構成および類似性の検討を行ない,優占種構成による鳥類群集の類型化を行なった。
2.相観的に大別した8つの林相について,地域間,林相間の鳥類群集の類似性をWhittaker(1952)の類似度指数で検討し,全体で15の林相地域別の鳥類群集を類似度指数40%台でグループ化できた。
3.亜寒帯針葉樹林および暖温帯若令人工林は他林相との類似性が著しく低い。その他の天然林,人工林は暖温帯間で差違があるものの,相互に比較的類似した鳥類群集構造を保有している場合が多かった。
4.林相地域別の鳥類群集において,夏鳥グループ,カラ類グループ,優占鳥種グループ等の合計優占度を求めて比較検討した。夏鳥グループはブナ林帯で40%台に達する場合もあるが,若令人工林,暖温帯常緑林では少ない。また日本の森林における基本構成種としてヒガラ,シジュウカラ,ヤマガラ,ウグイス,キビタキ,ホオジロ,アオジ,ヒヨドリの8種を認めた。
5.15の林相地域別の鳥類群集構造の鳥種名による類型として,優占上位3種による群集名が妥当であると思われた。

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Continued from the third report describing observations of family life of the Jungle CrowCorvus macrorhynchos, May 19-22, 1969 (31-34 days after hatching of chicks, 5-2 days before leaving the nest), this fourth part reports the behavior of the family from May 27 to June 13 (39-56 days after hatching, 3-20 days after flying of chicks), and this is to be continued to the detailed report of observations of June to August, already published before (Kuroda 1969).
1. On the third day, May 27, after leaving the nest, the fledglings were sitting in the nest tree above the nest to be fed by parents, but could fly about 30m to adjacent tree.
2. The female foraged wider than during chicks' nestling period and between 8.00-9.39 a.m., for example, she fed the chicks 6 times with a rhythm of feeding intervals, 25, 5, 22, 4 and 29 minutes, while the male fed only twice with an interval of 69 minutes, and in total average interval was 13.8 minutes. With this frequency a chick may have been fed 1.3 times/hour by parents.
3. The female nervonsly defended against other crows trespassing over the territory (once she flew up with half-eaten food in the throat and one feed for chicks was skipped), but the kite Milvus migrans released only a slight reaction of the female. On May 27, the female defended against 7 intruders during observation of 235 minutes and she showed apparent exhaustion in final defense.
4. On the 8th day after fledged, the chicks rested quietly during midday hours, the female's feeding intervals being as long as average 58+ minutes, and that of the male 87+ minutes; about 43.5 minutes by both parents.
5. On this day, between 13.00 and 16.00p.m. (174min.), the female foraged as far as about 400m from the nest, but the male rather stayed near the nest watching them and resting, and the defense drive against trespassing crows was low both in male and female.
6. On the 15th day after fledged, the chicks were found at a small open space with parents about 100m from the nest, where they passed some afternoon hours. The parents were more concerned with their young than the defense against other crows intruding over their tenitory. The molting of the wings and tail began in the male in advance of the female.
7. In the morning of the 16th day after fledged, the young were flying about their nest tree and followed the female who fed them rather frequently, while the male rested at high place watching his family. Thus the young were active and were fed chiefly during the morning.
8. On the 20th day after the young fledged, the family virtually broke up, since two young disappeared from the territory (after led by parents to communal roost in the previous day's evening) but a delayed young remained in the territory until 94 days after fledged (Kuroda 1969). On the above day, it was observed to peck at the food the female eating and for the first time it alighted on the ground for self-foraging, but still begged food from the female. It flew to roost with the parents in the evening, but returned to the parents' territory by itself in the next morning. acted It with the female, their movements being watched or followed by the male to join them. As already mentioned before (Kuroda 1969), this young was never rejected by parents from their territory.
9. On August 31, four days after this final young deserted the territory. The pair passed the hot midday hours in the dense foliage of the nest-tree. Now having been released from care of young, they spent a quarter of an hour sitting close by and almost four hours the female indulged in continuous solioquy utterrance of 4-6 'ka'-notes series, moving among the foliage. This strange sustained vocal behavior of the female may be a displacement activity due to a vacant mental condition resulting from the sudden life-change from a busy young-caring to a leisurely post-breeding pair-life pattern.

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1.新潟県水原町•瓢湖で越冬するオオハクチョウを,顔の特徴をもとにして個体識別を行なった。その個体識別法については,Plate 17,18によって説明した。
2.個体識別したうちの1羽-雌•成鳥-が1974-75年の冬期に続いて,1975-76年の冬期にも渡来し越冬した。
3.この雌•成鳥の家族構成は,1974-75年には夫婦と4羽の幼鳥からなっていた。1975-76年の家族構成は,幼鳥は1羽もつれておらず,夫婦のみからなっていた。
4.この家族の生活の様子を,1975年2月14日に4時間38分,1976年1月30日に6時間連続して観察した。
5.この家族の移動距離は,1975年2月14日の観察結果では,観察時間中の1時間あたり680mであった。これに対し,1976年1月30日には湖面の大部分が凍結しており,この家族の移動距離は67mであった。
6.上に述べた両シーズンの移動距離の違いは,両年の湖面の状況の違いのみによるのではなく,両年の家族構成の違いによるものであろうと,若干の論議を行なった。

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日本鳥類目録(第5版)によると,北海道でヘラシギが記録されているのは函館だけである。しかし,われわれは石狩と鵡川におけるシギ•チドリ類の観察で,これまでにヘラシギを9回記録した。またこれ以外にもいく例かの観察記録もある。さらに北海道大学付属博物館に保管されているヘラシギの標本20個体中13個体は北海道(石狩,小樽内川,銭函,勇払,浜中)で採集されたものである。
これらの記録から,北海道におけるヘラシギの渡りは秋,とくに9月に多く,春には極めて少ないといえよう。
なお同博物館に保管されているブラキストン標本中の2個体のヘラシギはYamashinaほか(1932)によって報告されており,その採集地はそれぞれ⌈Yufutsu⌉と⌈Hakodate⌉となっている。しかし一方の標本につけられているラベルのうち,一番最初につけられたと思われるものには採集地が⌈Hamanaka,E.Yezo⌉(浜中)と記されていた。したがって⌈Hakodate⌉は⌈Hamanaka⌉の誤りであろうと考えられる。

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A presumed old female pintail Anas acuta with masculinized plumage pattern is here reported with its photo taken by Mr. Akio Sasagawa at Shinobazu pond, Ueno Zoo, Tokyo, early February, 1974. It has rough flank markings and elongated central tail feathess.
Another example of different plumage pattern also found at the same pond, photographed a 10 February 1976, by Mr. Kazue Nakamura is added.
Kuroda (1929, '39) had reported another old record of the pintail and a female Mandarin duck Aix galericulata was masculinized when molted after long kept in author's aviary.

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