Candida albicans, which recently has provoked increasing attention due to its distinct human pathogenicity, permits differentiation from other members in the species of Candida most effectively by the chlamydospore formation. The author, therefore, has undertaken to study the culture media and the cultural conditions required for the optimum chlaydospore formation in this organism. The results are summarized as follows. 1) The optimum pH of the culture media ranged from 6.8 to 7.4, any pH outside of this range being unfavorable for the chlamydospore formation. The optimum temperature of culture was 25℃, the room temperature from 18℃ to 20℃ were suboptimum, and 37℃ was unfavorable. 2) It was recognized that successful chlamydospore formation depended largely upon previous cultural procedure adopted prior to transplanting the organism into the media for that purpose. One of the main cultural factors for good result is to select luxuriantly growing young culture of the organism for the transplantation. For this rejuvnating pre-culture, Sabouraud agar with 5% liver infusion was used most favorably, keeping the organism at the temperature of 37℃ for 24 to 48 hours. 3) Better result was obtained for the chlamydospore formation by applying "cover slip method", using 1% starch agar with 0.3% meat infusion at pH7.2 rather than by applying "slide culture method" using corn meal agar. By the "cover slip method" the chlamydospore appeared in the culture media in as short as 16 hours. It was shown that the starch in the media promoted development of the pseudomycelium and the chlamydospore formation, while the meat infusion was effective in promoting maturation of the chlamydospore to take its typical form. Cover slip method : Place one drop of saline suspension of Candida albicans on the middle of the plate agar over which a cover slip is laid flat. The petri dish was then covered ready to be incubated. Microscopic examination is recommended to be done through the cover slip. 4) Addition of congo red at the rate of 5microgram/cc to the culture media served to stain deep the thick membrane of the chlamydospore and aided in readily detecting the chlamydospore from among other confusing cells without giving any disadvantage for the development of the organism as well as for its chlamydospore formation.

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The two hundred and five strains of Candida isolated from the saliva of human mouth have been studied for the mycological characteristics and their presumed susceptibility against the organism Sb-2w which was recently found to inhibit some strains of Candida. The results of the stndy were summarized as follows. 1) Since no consistent pattern was followed by strains of Candida in the test of any one of their morphological and physiological characters, a general consideration of all the characteristics involved was frequently relied upon as final criterion for differentiation and classification of these organisms. It may, however, be emphasized that of these relatively unreliable characteristics in the bacterial physiology and morphology, carbohydrate fermentation has proved fairly consistent in the main strains of organisms isolated from the mouth, and would deserve attention as one of the important means for identification of the organisms concerned. 2) So far, Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis have been claimed to be differentiated purely on the basis of sucrose fermentation according to the classification table of Martin et al. However, of the total strains of Candida albicans isolated from the mouth there was confirmed occurrence of fairly large number of organisms (25%) which demonstrated quite the same patterns with Candida tropicalis in the behaviour of fermenting glucose, maltose, sucrose and lactose, especially in producing acid and gas from sucrose. 3) Of the 116 strains of Candida albicans forming the chlamydospore, 33 strains (20%) had a difficulty in developing it. 4) The inhibiting action of the organism Sb-2w (Kobayashi) against the strains of Candida albicans was developed invariably and especially in the early stage of their growth. This phenomenon may be valuable in the precise and early identification of Candida albicans when used together with the classification table of Martin et al.. 5) Of 205 isolates of Candida there were found 167 strains of C. albicans, 12 strains of C. tropicalis, 12 strains of C. krusei, 7 strains of C. parakrusei, 1 strain of C. pseudotropicalis, 1 strain of C. Guilliermondii, 2 strains of C. stellatoidea and 3 strains of organism unidentified.

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Observations in vivo on the contours, the types of the groove on the dorsum of tongue and the type of plica fimbriata have been conducted on the primary school children 6 to 11 years old, residing in 4 regions of Amakusa island, the cities of Kumamoto, Fukuoka and Kokura. The subjects examined for the observation of tongue contours numbered 1066 in total, and those for the observation of the groove types 1909 and fimbriate folds 1832 in total. The results obtained were summarized as follows. The types of tongue's contour were classiffed into 5 as illustrated in Fig.I. (by Nishijima et al. 1957) The rate of occurrence of each type was as follows : u-type 42%, narrower u-type 10.8%, broader u-type 29.4%. round type 6.2% and V-type 11.6%. Although the percentages of occurrence of these types as revealed in the present investigation disclosed certain minor deviations present from those reported by Biegert (1954) on the German and by Nishjzima et al. on the Japanese and the Ainu, the order in the magnitude of frequency between types generally coincided with each other. The types of groove on the dorsum of tongue were classified into 7(Fig.3). The average rates of occurrence of these types were 30.4% in the longitudinal type, 24.5% in the longitudinal and transversal type, 23.3% in the lacking type, 14.7% in the transversal type, below 10% in the confused type. Very few instance were found in regard to lattice type and circumscribing type of groove. Comparison of the data for distribution and frequencies of these groove types indicated that the data for the inhabitant of Amakusa was grossly identical to those for the pure Ainu (Nishijima), while the data for the inhahitants of Kumamoto, Fukuoka and Kokura did not show any similarity to those of the German by Biegert and those of the Japanese and Ainu by Nishijima in general, except a few instances of groove type where these peoples were in common. The fimbriated folds The fimbriated folds of the tongue were classified into 3 types, the 1st, 2nd and 3rd. (Fig.4a, b) The order in the magnitude of frequency of these types was as follows ; the 2nd type 48.6%, the 1st type 28.4% and 3rd type 23.0% in the inhabitants of Amakusa island. For the inhabitants of Kumamoto, Fukuoka and Kokura cities the order is the 2nd, 3rd and 1st types. The figures for these cities were as follows ; the 2nd type 54%, the 3rd type 40.1%, the 1st type 5.9% in Fukuoka, the 2nd 69.8%, the 3rd 24.2%, the 1st 6% in Kumamato, and the 2nd 58.6%, the 3rd 36.7%, the 1st 4.7% in Kokura.

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A histogenetic study of the maxillar bone including premaxillary was conducted on the embryo, weanling and adult of normal healthy mice as materials. 1. The development of the anlages : at the 14 or 15th embryonic day there are observed an anlage of the premaxillary lying on the dorsal side of the incisor's dental lamina, and also, located backward, two anlages of maxilla, the one lying inside, the other outside of ventral side of the maxillary nerve, or to say otherwise, each one inside and outside of dorsal side of the dental lamina of molar teeth. 2. The time of ossification : at the 15th embryonic day the middle cores of these bone anlages have already gone into ossification, and one observes there 3 slim fragments of bone newly formed, one in the premaxillary and two in the maxilla. 3. Formation and completion of the general contour : the general contour of the maxilla is outlined by the 17th embryonic day, and with the perfection of periostium at the 7th post-natal day, the morphological and histological details become nearly integrated, eventually reaching to completion of the bone by approximately 30 days post-natally when the 3rd molar tooth makes its appearance. 4. Completion of the infraorbital foramen The general contour of the infraoroital foramen is accomplished primarily by fusion of the processus frontalis and the processus premaxillaris by the 18th embryonic day, and its approximate completion is brought about by the 5th postnatal day by means of collateral development of the two processes and the posterior portion of the bodies of the respective bone, together with development of the lacrimal bone. 5. Completion of the incisal canal In the fetus of the 16th day, there start to develop the palatine process in the premaxillary and the palatine spine in the maxilla, and by the 21th fetal day the two processes come to fuse dorso-ventrally at the vicinity of anterior margin of the orbit to complete the incisal canal. 6. The nasolacrimal duct : the duct, arising from the lacrimal sac, is not allowed to get its outlet until the 15th embryonic day with its closed and located at the neiborhood of outer ventral side of the lateral nasal cartilage. By the 16th embryonic day it opens for the first time in front of the primary nose of the animal. 7. The naso-palatine and the palatine cartilages : at the 18th day of the fetus, condensation of the mesenchymal cells is observed to form the anlages of the palatine and nasopalatine cartilages of which the former is converted into hyaline cartilage at the first natal day, the latter at the second natal day. The palatine cartilages on both sides come to be united by the connective tissue union at the 3rd embryonic day, followed by the cartilage union at approximately the 20th embryonic day.

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A case of dwarfed wisdom tooth was encountered in our laboratory appearing unilaterally on the left side of the maxilla of an adult male subject. While it has been well known that the human teeth generally suffer stronger degeneration in the posterior members of the dental arch, the present caseseems to represent one of the most severe instance of tooth degeneration ever reported in the literature. The tooth ernpted at the right of disto-buccal cusp of the preceding second molar tooth, slightly shoved toward buccal side with its long axis somewhat slanted distally. The crown of the tooth made up of three rounded knoll-like cusps assumed triangle contour with bud-like constriction. The root was conical in shape and was uniradical, and the root end was covered with thick layer of cementum about one half the root length on the lingual and proximal surfaces and about tWo-third the root length on the buccal surface. Radiography of the tooth root revealed the presence of a pulp cavity and two apical foramens which indicated branching of the pulp canal. On the other hand, radiography of the opposite half of the dental arch failed to prove sny sign of embedded tooth or of bone resorption traceable to previous tooth extraction. From these findings it would be concluded that the present case is one of the severest dwarfism of the wisdom tooth of upper left half of the maxilla, unaccompanied by wisdom tooth of the opposite side of the maxilla which was not detected even as its germ form. The established fact that the degenerative tendency in the human molar teeth is initiated from the farthest distal end of dental arch is again confirmed by the present case of strong dwarfism in the third molar of maxilla in an adult male subject.

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Gram-positive, spore-forming bacilli have been isolated from the air in our laboratory which inhibited growth of Candida albicans. Examinations of the cultural characteristics of these strains have led us to classify them into the species of Bacillus subtilis following Bergey's classification and we have decided to christen them as strains-Sb. Of the ten strains isolated, the strain Sb-2w was selected for the present experiment due to its strongest inhibiting activity against Candida. The results of the experiments are summarized as follows. 1) Of all the Candida strains deriving from those of A.T.T.C. as tested against Sb-2w, the inhibition was most strongly demonstrated against C. albicans and C. stellatoidea, but relatively low against C. parakrusei and C. guilliermondi, and ineffective against C. tropicalis, C. Krusei and C. pseudotoropicalis. It must be particularly emphasized that there was a sharp difference in sensitivity toward Sb-2w between C. albicans and C. tropicalis, in spite of the closest resemblance between them in point of their morphorogical and physiological characters. This discriminating activity of Sb-2w was developed invariably not only between the C. albicans and C. tropicalis but also between other Candida strains, all recoverd from the human mouth. It is the known fact that Candida albicans does not always permit identification solely on the basis of their typical cultural and fermentative characteristics. Hence, the more accurate and ready identification of Candida species would be accomplished by utilizing the inhibitory action of Sb. in parallel with using Martin's classification. 2) The organism Sb-2w was also slightly inhibitory against staphylococcus aureus. 3) In the assay of the antifungal activity of the Sb-2w's filtrates, the serial dilution method was most favored by the author. The method is as follows. The culture filtrate of Sb-2w was diluted serially with Sabouraud's peptone water (pH5.8), and, one drop of uniform suspension of the organisms in amount of 10^<-3>mg/ml was placed in each of a series of dilution tube, incubated at 37℃ for 24 hours and the turbidity was measured macroscopically. 4) Activity of this organism against Candida was bacteriostatic, sometimes probably bactericidal, depending either upon the amount of the organisms tested, or upon concentration of the filtrate. 5) Pathogenicity : Starting from Iml, increasing gradually, a total of 20ml in ten days of 24-hour broth culture of the strain Sb-2w was injected both subcutaneously and intraperitoneally into mice once a day, and no toxic sign was observed. 6) The active principle of the bacterial filtrate was extracellular and was not confirmed in the bacterial cells.

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A biometric study has been conducted on 300 male inmates with mental disturbances, being hospitalized in the medical prison of Jono, Kokura City. The subjects, ranging in age from 19 to 59, were divided into several groups according to their respective native places. On each item of measurement the values of the mean, mean error and the type differences were computed, and these values were compared with those obtained from the inmates with normal mental ability in the same institution and with those from individuals outside in the community. The results are summarized as follows. 1 Of the standing height, the subjects belonging to the group of northern Kyushu, southern Kyushu and to the group from outside of Kyushu were included in the small type without exception. The type of the head of southern Kyushu group was eithev mesocephalic, hypsicephalic or acrocephalic, and the type of the head of northern Kyushu group and non-Kyushu group was either brachycephalic, hypsicephalic or acrocephalic. The face of the subject was included mainly in the short type, while the relative chest girth belonged to the normal chest type with all the groups examined. 2 Comparison between groups of the mean values of type differences procured from the values measured on each item of measurement revealed that fairly wide difference in the head type existed between the southern Kyushu group and the non-Kyushu group, while in regard to other bodily segments all the subject groups showed nearly the same values of measurement. Also in the standing height and length-width cephalic index no remarkable difference was not confirmed between every groups of subjects even if the comparison was made on the subject groups of definite age stage from 30 to 39 years rather than on the total subject groups ranging in age from 19 to 59 years. 3 Of the absolute values of actual measurement, the mentally defective inmates were inferior to the mentally sane inmates without exception or with very few exception in the following items : morphological face height, length of head, width of head, standing height, tragus height, height of shoulders, height of middle finger point, height of anterior superior illiac spines, height to suprasternal notch, height of pubic arc, breadth between shoulders, length of upper and lower extremities, and sitting height. Of the index values the mentally defective inmates are inferior to the sane inmates in length-width cephalic index and morphological facial index. Meanwhile, a few items in which the mentally defective inmates supercede the sane inmates are restricted to the following : the actual values in cephalo-auricular height and chest girth, and the index values between cephalic length and height and between cephalic width and height. It was also notable in the comparison of mean values of the type differences that the mentally defective inmates showed widely detached patterns of general physique traits from other groups examined, especially the marked inferiority of the former to the sane inmates in this point. 4 In the comparison between the mentally defective inmates and the community groups with regard to the actual and index values of measurement, the former were inferior to the latters with no or few exception in the following items : standing height, cephalo-auricular height, height of middle finger point, height of shoulders, height of anterior exterior illiac spines, height of superior margin of pubic arc, height of suprasternal notch, breadth of shoulders, breadth of pelvis, chest girth, length of lower extremities, sitting height, length of head, width of head, maximum interzygomatic breadth and morphological facial height in the actual values, mandibular indeces, relative breadth of shoulders and relative sitting height indices in the index values. The results of examining the mean values of the type differences procured from between the mentally defective inmates and

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