Bacteriological cultures were made from the infected root canals and apical foci of freshly extracted teeth which were diagnosed as carrying apical granuloma under clinical as well as radiographical observation. When strains of Streptococcus were recovered from these sources of a single teeth, these were comparatively studied with reference to the biological characteristics and antibiotics susceptibility. The data obtained were summarized as follows. 1) Isolation of the organism from infected root canals and apical foci was conducted on 81 teeth and the simultaneous occurrence of the organism in both sources was shown in 33 cases (40.7%). 2) It was especially noted during the cultural procedure that usually culture plates from the apical lesion were covered by bacterial film which rendered isolation of an organism from the plate something of difficulty. This was not the case with organisms involved in the root canal infection where isolation from the plate was readily accomplished. 3) Of 75 strains isolated, 33 came from infected root canals comprising 7 hemolytic streptococci and 26 nonhemolytic streptococci, and 42 came from apical foci comprising 15 hemolytic and 27 nonhemolytic streptococci. 4) Attempt to classify the isolates by examining the proposed hemolytic chracteristics confirmed the preaence of 17 strains of Type I, 2 atrains of Type II and one strain of Type III of hemolytic streptococci, according to Kobayashi's classification. There were 2 hemolytic streptococci which failed to conform to any type of the proposed characteristics. Most of the nonhemolytic streptococci were of α and α' types, and only 5 strains belonged to γ nonhemolytic type. 5) Based on the experiments on a total of 25 items of biological characteristics, all 75 strains of streptococci were classified into the following species, according to Bergey's classification : species number percentage reccovery Str. pyogenes 13 17.3% Str. equisimilis 4 5.3

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Studies were conducted on antagonistic relation between a variety of microorganisms which included 4 strains of Corynebacterium and 6 strains of Proteus, both donated from the collections of Densenbyo Kenkyusho (Infections Disease Research Instituie) and Kitazato Institute, and those strains of Corynebacterium and Gram-negative bacilli isolated from the normal human mouth. The results were summarized as follows. 1) In applying the contact method, the most favored of solid was media 1% glucose agar. 2) Largest zone of inhibition on the medium was developed at pH 7.0. 3) Largest zone of inhibition was produced in plates with internal diameter of 8.8 cm containing 7 ml. of culture medium (1.3 mm in thickness). 4) It was learned by experiments that, except for by the contact method, zone of inhibition either remained small or obscure when the mixed culture method, filter paper method, liquid medium method, superposing and cup methods were respectively used. 5) The zone of inhibition was most clearly demonstrated on the fresh plate at 24-hour culture, and the size of zone diminished with increasing age of culture. Attempt to bring inhibition by the bacterial filtrate was unsuccessful regardless of time of incubation. 6) In an experiment where the sterilized human saliva was tested for possible antagonistic ability, it was revealed that in the medium to which saliva was added in 10%, an inhibitory zone was produced, where as saliva added in 50% did not produce any effect. 7) Intracutaneous injection of 0.1 ml. of C.xerosjs suspension on animals caused no change or caused only reddening on inspection after 24 hours, as compared to the control animal. Injection of 0.1 ml. of P.morganii suspension produced a knoll-like red swelling 14×20mm in size. Injection of 0.1 ml. mixed suspension containing equal amounts of the two bacterial suspensions produced a knoll-like red swelling 14×20 in size encircling an abscess 2×4mm in size. Increase in the amount of the mixed suspension from 0.1 ml. to 0.2ml. did not change the result appreciably. The degree of reddening and swelling observed after 48 hours remained the same with that observed after 24 hours. The abscess eventually broke out spontaneously. 8) Of two organisms introduced to the animal as mixed suspension, only Proteus could be recovered by means of either direct smear preparation or smear culture on the isolating medium. 9) Passages of Proteus bacilli through animals tended to increase the virulence according to local macroscopic finding and to increase recovery of the bacteria from the lesion ; however, no change in virulence was suggested with regard to development or the extent of inhibitory zone as compared to the control. 10) Examination of the impression pattern of the inhibitory zone revealed that at the portion where Proteus and Corynebacteria were grown in mixture, there were seen degeneraion and lysis on the part of Corynebacteria, while in the inhibitory zone there was neither Proteus nor Corynebacterium to be seen. 11) Growth inhibition was independent of the pHs of the medium used. Nutritional requirement of Proteus was greater than that of Corynebacterium. 12) A total of 132 strains of Corynebacteria was isolated from various sourses of the mouth of 210 subjects (63.8%), and a total of 70 strains of gram-negative rods was isolated from the same sourses of 150 subjects (47%). Of the former, 32 strains were identified as C.pseudodiphtheriticum, 11 strains as Group 2, 4 strains as C.xerosis, 6 strains as Group 6 and 19 strains as Group 8. Of the latter organism, 15 strains were identified as P.morganii, 11 strains as E.freundii, 5 strains as Flavobacterium, 5 strains as Achromob acter, 1 strain as E. coli and 20 stains as Paracolon. 13) Of the antagonistic relations strudied between these isolates, it was most notable that most of Corynebacteria were inhibited by the gram-negative rods, of which E.freundii producing

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1) In vitro experiment in our laboratory of bactericidal effect of the commercial quarz lamp for bacteriological laboratory and of the small type light therapy apparatus known as Dental Spot lamp, on several varieties of germs including staphylococcal and coli form bacilli has shown some utility in a limited sense. However, the time required of these apparatus in effecting complete sterilization was not always in agreement with that reported by other investigators. 2) In the experiment using Dental Spot Lamp on the root canal which was enlarged to the extent of No.6 reamer to permit as much passage of the rays as possible, it was revealed that the rays passed through the canal effectively only when it was relatively straight, and not when it was crooked where the rays failed to reach at the apical foramen of the root. 3) In the experiment where the infected root canal of an extracted tooth was enlarged to the extent of No.6 reamer to be exposed to the rays directly from above for 5 minutes, bacterial colonies were seen to develop by the root canal culture on the medium containing thioglycolate. 4) It was observed in rabbits that although temporary disappearance of bacteria from mucous membrane of the hare lip was brought about by the radiation, the number of bacteria recoverable from the site 3 hours after the radiation became rather increased than before. 5) Administration of the rays for 60 seconds on the pinna and the local skin of healthy rabbits brought about reddening of the sites which developed into extended inflammation with continued daily application of the radiation. 6) Inflammatory reaction of cut wound or of the local skin at which subcutaneous injection of staphylococcal cell suspension was given, became more aggravated by 60 second dosage of radiation for 4 days, and further the healing process of these lesions was no more accelerated than the one of non-radiated control, and even was retarded in some instance. It may be concluded from these experiments that although the small type apparatus for ultraviolet radiation can be used as effective sterilizer in vitro, its use in vivo at local sites such as root canals has only very little effect for disinfection, and besides that, it must be kept in mind that its administration may sometimes cuse undesirable inflammatory reaction on the local tissues involved. In the clinical application of this apparatus, one should be careful to select proper indication, proper dosage and proper technic of administration, taking in consideration the specific quality of the ultraviolet rays as well as the photo-regeneration of bacteria.

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1) A total 9 strains of Corynebacterium was isolated, of which 6 strains (7.5%) were derived from 81 samples of apical foci, and 3 strains from the same number of root canals (3.8%). The occurrence of this organism was considerably low in the present study as compared to previous reports. 2) From both root canal and apical focus of a tooth 4 strains of Corynebacterium were isolated in pairs in two instances. 3) Of these 9 strains, 4 strains conformed to C. pseudodiphtheriticum, 1 strain to C. xerosis according to the description of Bergey's manual, but the remaining 3 strains did not fit in any of Bergey's classification. 4) These 3 strains could be classified into 2 of Kodama's group II and I of Kodama's group VI, according to his classification. 5) Of 4 strains isolated simultaneously from the same tooth's root canal and apical focus, those from case 6 were identified as C. pseudodiphtheriticum, and those from case 7 as belonging to Kodama's group II.

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1) In 5 out of 81 samples of dental apical foci (61.7%), 5 strains of tetragena were isolated. All the strains produced yellow pigmente in the medium. 4 strains out of five were isolated by picking up from among contaminants such as staphylococci and streptococci, but the remaining one strain was obtained from its single colonies. 2) Although organisms of this genus have been referred to as being negative in gelatin liquefaction, one strain of the present isolates proved positive in this reaction. 3) Milk coagulation was shown by 2 out of 5 strains. 4) Indol reaction was nagative in all the strains studied. 5) Plasma coagulation was shown by 4 out of 5 strains studied. 6) Mannit fermentation was negative in all the strains. 7) No colony of this organism was grown by 72 hours culture on the mannit-salt agar. 8) Neither human nor rabbit blood was coagulated by this organism. 9) In bouillon, light to heavy turbidity and precipitation occurred with all the strains of the organism. 10) 4 out of 5 strains of this organism were risistant to penicillin. 11) 2 out of 5 strains were resistaht to streptomycin. 12) 3 out of five strains were resistant to chloromyceetin. 13) All the strains were resistant to kanamycin. 14) There were one strain which was double-resistant to penicillin and kanamycin and another one strain which was double-resistant to chloromycetin and kanamycin. There was each one straine which was triple-resistant to either penicillin, streptomycin and kanamycin or to penicillin, chloromycetin and kanamycin. Finally there was one quadruple-resistant resistant organism to penicillin, streptomycin, chloromycetin and kanamycin. 15) The quadruple-resistant organism was most active in developing plasma coagulation.

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Simultaneous occurrence of Candida aIbicans in the root canal and apical focus of a single tooth was experienced in 6 cases out of 81(7.4%) with the yield of 12 strains Natures of these organisms were studied.

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An oral examination was conducted in the year of 1959 on a total of 5053 school children and pupils consisting of 2503 males and 2550 females, residing respectively in Osaka city, Shimoichi-machi and Totsugawa-mura, the first of these communities representing the big city, the second the small town and the third the rural community in our country. The items studied included Caries Incidence Rate, Average Number of Exsisting Teeth, Number of def Teeth, Number of DMF Teeth, Age of Deciduous Teeth Shedding, Age of Permanent Teeth Eruption and Mottled Teeth Incidence. The data obtained were studied statistically and were compared with data of previous investigators. The results were summarized as follows. 1) DECIDUOUS TEETH Higher values of Caries Incidence Rate, Existing Teeth Number and def Teeth Number were observed in the inhabitants of the rural community, Totsugawa in conparison with the more populated communities. Male members exceeded female members in these respects. The age of deciduous teeth shedding was earlier also in Totsugawa inhabitants than elsewhere, and was earlier in the female than in the male in general. 2) PERMANENT TEETH Caries Incidence Rate and DMF Teeth Number the urban districts showed lower values than the rural district as alike in the case of deciduous teeth. Average number of exsisting teeth was larger increasingly with more populated communities. The femals member showed greater values for the above three items than did the male member. The age of tooth eruption was earlier in the urban communities in the order of Osaka, Shimoichi and Totsugawa, the female member being earlier in this respect than the male member through every districts. 3) COMPARISON WITH OTHER DISTRICTS Greater values were observed especially in Totsugawa district in the numbers of def and DMF teeth, with significant difference being present between the districts compared. The trend toward increasing tooth caries incidence was apparent in every districts examined, regardless of urban or rural, and it was especially noted in the permanent teeth (Fig. 44 to 47). 4) MOTTLED TEETH INCIDENCE These occurred in 9.65% in Shimoichi district, in 2.46% in Totsugawa and in the severity of the disease M_1 degree was most prevalent.

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A study was conducted on the mitochondria of pancreatic gland cells as obtained from the wistar strain male albino rats during the resting phase of the cells 4 to 24 hours after food intake, with reference to their age change or senile change in morphology, distribution and number of occurrence. For this purpose, a total of 30 animals ranging in age from 5 to 1325 days after birth was divided into 4 age stage groups, namely, infantile (5 to 20 days), growing (24 to 52 days), mature (76 to 367 days) and senile (517 to 1325 days) groups. The results obtained were summarized as follows. 1) In the resting phase of the call activity, the mitochondria of the pancreatic gland cells were arranged almost uniformly along the periphery of the nucleus in the bilateral, basal and upper sides. Those situated along the bilateral and upper sides of the nucleus were oriented approximately in parallel with longitudinal axis of the cell, while those situated in the basal side were oriented approximately in parallel with the basal plane of the nucleus. In morphology they appeared predominantly in thread-and rod-like forms, but short rod and rounded forms were also found, though less frequently. Number of mitochondria present in those cells was generally but small. Number of the secretion granules increased or decreased inversely with that of the mitochondria, and in the resting phase of the cell, they appeared to fill the inner half part or more of the cell body. 2) Morphology of the mitochondria was not apparently subject to any significant change through entire life span of the animal from infantile to senile stages. 3) With respect to distribution of various forms of mitochondria, it was revealed that in the infantile stage, the rounded forms were frequently seen at the upper side of nucleus, while in the growing and mature stages they were seen mainly at the lateral and basal sides of nucleus. In the upper side of nucleus where the most part of the space was occupied by secretion granules. presence of the mitochondria remained obscure. By the later half of the senile stage of animal, arrangemeut of the mitochondria became irregular owing to their decreased staining reaction and appearance of the vacuoles of various sizes into the cell body. 4) Number of the mitochondria increased gradually from the infantile to growing stages of animal and reached at its maximum at the early part of mature stage, though declining thereafter. After the later part of mature stage of animal, however, no significant shift in the number was observed toward the senile stage of animal. 5) There could not be found any significant difference between the mitochondria isolated separately from Caput, Corpus and Cauda pancreatis, with regard to their morphology, distribution and number of occurrence in the cells.

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Age change was studied on the splitting lines occurring in the bursa ovarica which was obtained from a 14-Year-old female dog of red and short haired breed. The pattern in which the splitting line system occurred in the ovarian capsula demonstrated its growth direction, while the irregular splitting lines there showed distrection of the former line system. It was interpreted that these irregular splitting lines were mainly the result of defense reaction on the part of the capsule's surface layer against inner pressure produced by the growing inner substance (folliculi ovarii), and might be called as direct manifestation of the tissue function. The changes, therefore, of the splitting lines as observed in the ovarian capsule could be concidered as a part of aging process of the tissue, or as an aspect of capsule's adaptive development keeping up with growth of the internal substance. These changes allowed to be divided into 4 stages (illustrated in Fig. 3) : The 1st stage (from birth to 4 months) is characterized by longitudinal growth between extremitas tubalis and uterina. The 2nd stage (from 11 months to 12 months) is the time for transversal growth or growth in sidewise thickness. The 3rd stage (4 to 5 years after birth) is the time for maturity. The 4th stage (from 6 years upward) is the time to proceed toward atrophy.

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Oral examination with respect to the eruption time of deciduous teeth has been conducted on 1588 male and 1342 female infants within the age range of 5 to 27 months after birth, residing in the cities of Osaka, Nishinomiya and Amagasaki. The results are summarized as follows. 1) Eruption time (in postnatal months) [table] 2) The eruption time as examined in the present study was slightly earlier than those reported by other investigators. Sex difference of the eruption time was almost negligible. Comparison of the eruption time between the same named teeth in upper and lower jaws revealed that the teeth in lower jaw tended to erupt earlier than those in upper jaw. No definite tendency was observed in the comparsion of the eruption time between both halves of the whole dentition.

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Oral examination with respect to the eruption time of deciduous teeth has been conducted on 2217 male and 1739 female infants within the age range of 3 to 29 months after birth, residing in Kumamoto city. The results are summarized as follows. 1) Eruption time (in postnatal months) [table] 2) The eruption time observed in the male infants was earlier than in the female infants. Comparison of the eruption time between the same named teeth in upper and lower jaws revealed that the teeth in lower jaw tended to erupt earlier than those in upper jaw. No definite tendency was observed in the comparison of the eruption time between both halves of the whole dentition.

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The author studied clinically, patho-anatomically, radiographically and histologically reconstruction of 43 mandibulae of rabbits observed during 60 days. Osteogemins which was prepared originally by Prof. Hieda were injected in 22 rabbits every two days. Other 21 rabbits were used as controls. About half of left mandible of both groups were resected after fixation with implanted splite. The results obtained were as follows : 1) Reconstruction of the resected mandible was promorted remarkably by intra-peri-toneal injections of 0.25 cc Osteogemin per kg every other day. a) Clinical and patho-anatomical findings : There were hardly any difference between the degree of reconstruction of the controls and that of those injected. b) Local findings : In the case of the rabbits injected, soft thickening was observed at the resected portion in 20 days, cartilaginous or osseous stiffness in 30 days, osseous stiffness in 40 days and after 40 days osseous stiffness became harder without exception. In controls a reconstruction of bone in the central part of the resected was not observed generally in 30 days and an incomplete reconstruction of bone was observed in 40∿50 days, even in 60 days the central portion of the reconstructed showed depression yet. c) Radiographic findings : In controls addition of shadows from the cut edges was the principal findings during 60 days. Most cases showed the defect of connection of shadows, but a few cases showed incomplete connection of shadows. The injected cases, the connected shadows in all regions were observed in even 10∿20 days ; on and after 40 days, form of shadow became quite normal. d) Patho-histological findings : In controls, osseous tissue production from cut edges was principal findings in 20 days. Central portion was widely filled with the granulation tissue. In 30∿40 days, young osseous tissue was found here and there in the central portion. In 50∿60 days an imperfect osseous connection was observed in resected portion, but the structure was yet incomplete. In injected group, a remarkable congestion of blood vessels and an osseous tissue were already found at the edges of the resected and a new osseous tissue was found remarkably from the whole surface of periost in the region of the resected in even 10 days. This findings showed a great difference from the case of the controls. In 30∿40 days the reconstructed bone was formed in almost anatomical structure and became the same as normal bone in 60 days. 2) Osteogemin activates hyperaemia of bone marrow and ossification from resected edges and activates the production of osteoblasts from the whole surface of periost. 3) Osteogemin has an effect on reproduction of osseous tissue but could not found remarkable influences macroscopically on the other organs.

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Linaua papillae were studied on a male panda aged 2 old. (Weight 4, 5kg) The results were summarized as follows. 1) On the dorsal surface of the tongue there were P. vallatae, P. fungiformes, P. filiformes, P. foliatae. 2) P. vallatae ; The number of them was 8, ranged in V shape and they had relatively rich taste buds. (Fig. 3) 3) P. fungiformes ; They were scattered equally, and had taste buds (1-3) in dorsal epithelium of them (Fig. 1) 4) P. foliatae ; They consist of 2 or 3 low swellings, and had no taste bud in epithelium. (Fig.2) 5) P. filiformes ; They were conical in shape and their tip declined. (Fig.1)

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