The following results were obtained by observing various conditions and factors for germ tubes formation of C. albicans in vitro and examining the growth forms of the germ tubes by light microscopy and electron microscopy. 1. Optimum conditions for formation of germ tubes of C. albicans in serum were obtained when fungus cells that had been cultivated for 24 hours in Sabouraud's glucose agar medium at 37℃ were added at the rate of 1/32 (mg/ml) and were cultivated for 3 to 4 hours at 37℃. 2. On various influences in serum : Glucose, mitomycin C, and pH 5.0∿8.2 had no accelerative or obstructive effects, but streptomycin and UV radiation had obstructive effects on the formation of germ tubes. 3. Factors affecting formation of germ tubes : a). Addition of amino acids, glucose, vitamins singly or in combination produced no germ tubes. b). A marked decrease in the formation of germ tubes was observed when MgSO_4 was extracted from the Freis medium. c). Solid media were found to be more productive of germ tubes than liquid media. The use of S.C.L.T. medium, which helped to produce both germ tubes and chlamydospore, made it possible to identify C. albicans quickly and clearly. But vacuum culture led to a decrease in the formation of germ tubes. 4. Light and electron microscopic observation Light microscopic examination made it possible to distinguish between bud formation and germ tubes formation by showing that in germ tubes the septal wall takes a true mycelium-like form, is narrow in width, and elongates quickly by about 50μ in 2 or 3 hours. Observed electron microscopically in bud formation, the daughter cell wall consists of the three layers of the mother cell that are equally ellongated, while in germ tubes formation, the cell wall of the germ tubes consists of the inner most layer of the mother cell that has become thicker and longer. As for the organella in the cytoplasm, the endoplasmic reticulum was obscure, and large granules called storage body were found in the mother cell.

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Through the autopsy study of heart, lung, liver, spleen and kidney conducted on mice of experimental Candidiasis, the writer made macroscopic observation together with the bacteriological, and patho-histological studies on the level of light and electron microscopy. Results were obtained as follows. Histologically, a characteristic change was found in the kidney. The fungus cells was supposed to enter into the renal corpuscle by route of the renal artery and have become stationary in Bowman's capsule due to the morphological and functional characteristics of the renal corpuscle. The fungus cells were seen to elongate rapidly within a short period to assume the growth form of germ tubes in Bowman's capsule. The cells then penetrated into the renal tubular lumen by piercing Bowman's capsule and multiplied there and in the tubular epithelial cells forming infectious focus. A necrotic change was observed in the area of infected tubular epithelium cells and further, surrounding this area, strands of fibrous matter about 50 mμ in width were seen arranged in a barricade form which apparently originated from both host cells and the parasite cells.

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Author studied vertical and horizontal movement of mandibles in 10 subjects by means of electromyography (EMG) using bipolar surface electrodes, and following results were obtained. 1) In the resting position of mandible, no EMG activities of Mm, Ta, Tm and Tp were recorded. 2) In the centric position of mandible, EMG activities of Mm, Ta, Tm and Tp of 10∿30 μv tonical spike were obtained. 3) In the case of habitual bite in the centric position of mandible, EMG of Mm, Ta and Tm were in the range of 100∿400 μv. EMG of Tp, however, was slightly lower than those obtained in the Ta and Tm. 4) Under the maximum force of biting, EMG obtained ranged from 400 to 800 μv with Mm, 500 to 600 μv with Ta, 400 to 800 μv with Tm and 100 to 400 μv with Tp. It was confirmed that the activities of Mm, Ta and Tm were found most marked under the maximum force of biting. 5) When high vertical dimensions were given the subjects, EMG obtained from Mm, Ta and Tm were smaller than those obtained with maximum force of biting in the centric occlusion. No significant change, however, was observed with EMG of Tp in this instance. When high vertical dimension were given the subjects, the amplitudes and frequencies of EMG generally became instable, and the muscle force of right and left came to show imbalance. Similar instability of EMG was also observed when the subject was ordered to make protrusive and lateral occlusions. 6) In the experiments in the swallowing with high vertical dimension, EMG from Mm, Ta, Tm and Tp did not show any significant deviation from the same experiment under centric position. In the case of high vertical dimension, however, starting amplitudes were relatively small, but soon approached to normal ones, and then disappeared gradually. The duration of spikes in high vertical dimension, however, amounted to several times that in centric occlusion. All subjects complained difficulty of swallowing during the experiments.

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The term "discrepancy" in the field of orthodotics denotes such case of malocclusion in which the magnitude of apical base fails to provide a stable accomodation for the full dentition. Although routine treatment of such malocclusion consists of surgical extraction of one or more teeth, there has been no definite criterion as to what is the true extent of the discrepancy in each individual case. In evaluating the extent of discrepancy in any patient, one must first of all know relative sizes of both the apical base and the existing dentition in the jaw. The size or area occupied by the dentition may well be determined by measuring the distance between mesio-distal ends of the dentition. With regard to the size of apical base, however, measurement should be done on the extent of area to be occupied by every member of the dentition. The limit of area occupied by teeth in the anterior and lateral parts of jaw is physiologically determined in accordance with state of balance among muscle forces surrounding the teeth. However, in the posterior part of jaw, especially in the lower jaw, there apparently lacks any physiological landmark or muscle force to demarcate the posterior limit of the hindermost tooth and thus makes it difficult to get accurate diagnosis of discrepancy. The present study was undertaken to establish the posterior limit of lower jaw within which could be placed all the erupting teeth with stability. In this connection, we had previously noticed on the soft tissue behind the hindermost molar the presence of a boundary line which served to demarcate the mucous membrane into the immovable (gingival part) and movable (muscle part), and we designated the line as linea terminalis posterior gingivae. The present study was directed to know how this line was constituted and whether or not it had any significance in determining the posterior limit for accomodating the correct dentition. Results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. Histological studies also showed that the linea terminalis posterior gingivae served an approximate junction between the immovable and movable mucous membrane lining the soft tissue behind the hindermost tooth of lower jaw. 2. Possible change of this line with increasing age of subjects was investigated on the serial gnathostatic models taken from the patients from 6 to 15 years of age, and distances from Point b to the line were measured. The result showed that the yearly increase of the distance was approximately 1 mm in both sexes of the subjects. 3. Hardly any shift of position of the line was observed to occur even by physiological change of surrounding tissues such as eruption of hindermost molar and its mesial migration. 4. It was confirmed that when the line was located 4 to 5 mm far behind the distal side of the hindermost molar to erupt, the latter tooth could be expected to make normal eruption. These evidences pointed to the conclusion that the linea terminalis posterior gingivae could serve as a criterion to determine the posterior limit in the measurement of the magnitude of apical base of lower jaw and that any stable eruption of the hindermost molar should come 4 to 5 mm far mesially from this limit.

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In tongue-tie speech, speech disorders are classified as a functional disorder. The details of these disorders are not made clear yet. Investigations were made on 8767 pupils by using the measuring apparatus for tongue extension degree, which was devised by myself. In these investigations, there were found 75 pupils of tongue-tie 2°(mild group) and 8 pupils of tongue-tie 3°(severe group). Out of these cases, lingual frenum plastic operations were performed on 8 pupils tonguetie 2°and 5 pupils of tongue-tie 3°, who could cooperate with me. Before these operations and three months after the operations, the following tests and observations were made : 1) Speech intelligibility test, Speech articulation test 2) Observations of Palatogram 3) Observations of Sound Spectrogram The results of the effect of tongue-tie on phonetic and philology are summerized as follows. 1. In a speech intelligibility test, pre-operative three-syllable intelligibility was more than 82%. This means that tongue-tie speakers do not have so much trouble in every day conversation, but listeners notice a little peculiarity in their speech. After the operation, the intelligibility of both two-and three-syllable was improved. 2. In a speech articulation test, pre-operative articulation scores of monosyllable were more than 70.1%. This corresponds to the slight speech disorder classified by Dr. Furuya. Post-operative articulation of both monosyllable and meaningless three-syllable was improved. 3. Observations of the palatogram, both before and after the operation, to compare the speech sounds of tongue-tie pupils with the speech sounds of normal speakers, showed no difference except in R-sounds (enunciations of R followed by vowels). Pre-operative R-sounds showed a difference from the normal. Post-operative R-sounds of tongue-tie 2° showed close resemblance to the normal, but tongue-tie 3° showed little improvement from the pre-operative R-sounds. 4. From the observations of the sound spectrogram, pre-operative consonants of R-sounds were obsucure, but after the operation, very clear. Variations of cycle elements were found in unvoiced sounds of T-sounds (enunciations of T followed by vowels) compared with those of pre-operative consonants. 5. From the investigations by speech sounds, remarkable abnormalities were found only in R-sounds. But in R-sounds of tongue-tie, there was abnormality of speech articulation, palatogram and sound spectrogram. So it was comfirmed that tongue-tie had a great effect upon R-sounds. Post-operative R-sounds were improved. As mentioned above, speech sounds of tongue-tie will cause speech disorders. The speech disorders of tongue-tie proved to be improved without speech clinic by lingual frenum plastic operation. From the phonetical and philological point of view, it seems best that lingual frenum plastic operation shoud be performed promptly in cases of tongue-tie.

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