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Volume 42 (2011)
- Issue 4 Pages 155-
- Issue 3 Pages 83-
- Issue 2 Pages 51-
- Issue 1 Pages 1-
Volume 42, Issue 1
Vol. 42, No. 1 (Ser. No. 129)
Displaying 1-3 of 3 articles from this issue
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Kaoruko SUNAGA, Takashi MOTOBAYASHI, Tadashi HIRASAWA, Taiichiro OOKAW ...2011 Volume 42 Issue 1 Pages 1-7
Published: 2011
Released on J-STAGE: August 07, 2023
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSThe characteristics of crashed rice and the correlation between the effect of saccharifi cation fermentation and the degree of crashing were investigated using the rice forage cultivar 'Leaf-Star' to establish an effi cient utilization of starch in the whole crop rice for bio-ethanol. Then, the crushing energy and the energy from the crushed materials were examined. The degrees of crushing of separated organ samples, i.e., head, stem, leaf, and a mixed sample, were compared using the same crushing conditions. The small sizes of the relative particle mass of the mixed sample were larger than those of the separated organ samples. Therefore, the use of a mixed organ sample was considered to be an effective way to obtain a smaller relative particle mass size. The effect on the extracted amount of soluble sugars and starch due to differences in the degree of crushing of the samples were investigated. The extracted amount of soluble sugars was the same despite differences in the degree of crushing. There was high correlation between the extracted amount of starch and a crushed particle size of 50 - 100μm. The total amount of the extracted soluble sugars and starch, was affected by the difference in the degree of crushing of the material sample. If we assume the maximum extracted amount can be obtained when using particles less than 100μm in size, the extracted amount was 88% for a mean particle size of 232μm under a rough crushing condition. A comparison of the crushing energy and the energy from crushed materials indicated that rough crushing was most effective for extracting soluble sugars and starch.View full abstractDownload PDF (1694K) -
Masayuki TANI, Xiangzhen LI, Taku KATO, Fumihito MIYATAKE, Nobuhide FU ...2011 Volume 42 Issue 1 Pages 8-17
Published: 2011
Released on J-STAGE: August 07, 2023
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSThere are two major methods of composting: natural piling and mechanically induced mixing. Chemical properties and optical characteristics of humic substances extracted from two types of cattle manures, which had been produced by piling and mixing methods, respectively, were compared to investigate the effects of composting processes on humifi cation of cattle manure. Both cattle manures showed mostly same degree of maturity after composting, judging from C/N ratio, easily decomposable organic matter, and germination test, however, completely different degree of humifi cation. Humic acids extracted from the cattle manure composted by the piling method were classifi ed into moderately humifi ed B-type, which characterized by dark color and developed functional groups. The cattle manure composted by the mechanically mixing method contained the immature Rp-type humic acids, which characterized by lignin-like structures. Mobile humic substances extracted by water, which would affect plant growth more directly than stable humic substances extracted by NaOH solution, were also different among the composted manures. The water-extractable fulvic acids increased during the piling processes, however, decreased during the mixing processes. The differences in characteristics of humic substances in the composted cattle manure should be taken into consideration to evaluate their effects upon fi eld application.View full abstractDownload PDF (1415K) -
Fumihito MIYATAKE, Shunya KUBOTA, Masayuki TANI, Taku KATO, Kazunori I ...2011 Volume 42 Issue 1 Pages 18-25
Published: 2011
Released on J-STAGE: August 07, 2023
JOURNAL OPEN ACCESSIn order to clarify the effect of moisture content (about 45 to 85%) on green house gases (GHGs) in the early stage of dairy manure composting, nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) emission rate was investigated with a laboratory-scale composting device. Two peaks values of N2O emission rates were observed at the temperature range of 43 to 50℃ and 56 to 68℃ on day 0-1. Their peak values showed the tendency to increase as moisture content decrease. Average emission rate of CH4 was low level (0.009～0.043 mg・h-1・kg-dm-1) at moisture content of about 45 to 74%, though it was high level (8.52 mg・h-1・kg-dm-1) at about 85%. GHGs emission equivalent to carbon dioxide from N2O and CH4 emission decreased at moisture contents of 55.1, 60.8, 65.4, 73.4% compared to the other conditions. Therefore, to control at moisture contents of about 55 to 74% suppress GHGs emission on the early stage of composting.View full abstractDownload PDF (1761K)
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