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Volume 59, Issue 1
Displaying 1-10 of 10 articles from this issue
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Tadashi MATSUNAGA, Haruko TAKEYAMA, Hiroko YOKOUCHI2005 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages 4-11
Published: 2005
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe marine environment is remarkably diverse and harbors a wide variety of organisms that have acquired novel metabolic functions and corresponding genes through evolutionary adaptation. We have screened many useful material such as UV-A resistance molecule, antibiotics, polysaccharide, from our culture collection containing cyanobacteria and photosynthetic bacteria isolated from marine environment. We introduce our research for screening of useful material from marine photosynthetic microorganisms. Furthermore, genetic manipulation for the purpose of metabolic engineering in marine microorganisms is described as the application of marine genomes. The uses of molecular approaches for analyzing microbial diversity have enhanced our knowledge of their population and lead the fact of abundant unculturable microbes. The isolation of novel bioactive compounds from environmental sources has been carried out by molecular approaches where the metagenomic libraries are constructed with directly extracted DNA from environmental samples.View full abstractDownload PDF (8798K) -
Diversity of Cultured Strains and Their ApplicationsHiroaki KASAI2005 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages 12-16
Published: 2005
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEven though significant advances have been made in understanding microbial diversity, most microorganisms in marine environment are still only characterized by ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences and have resisted cultivation. Currently, we have been developing many approaches to overcome the problems associatedwith cultivation of marine microorganisms because one obvious benefit would be the opportunity to investigate the as-yet-uncultured microbial resources. This work includes the isolation ofmarine microorganisms, the development of methods for evaluating microbial diversity, and the development of new culture methods for microorganisms in various marine environments.
In this review, I introduce our effort to construct marine microbial resource library and to evaluate their diversity.View full abstractDownload PDF (5814K) -
Masayoshi TAKAHASHI2005 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages 17-22
Published: 2005
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (10072K) -
Yukiho YAMAOKA, Marvelisa L. CARMONA2005 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages 23-31
Published: 2005
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe strain showed a wide tolerance to salinity; that is, the optimum salinity was shown to be between 1.5 and 10%. Glucose supported good cell growth and carotenoids yield. A high content of astaxanthin was obtained from the culture on glucose, galactose, fructose, oleic acid, bean oil and sesame oil. Using yeast extracts, polypeptone, arginine acid, citruline, glycine, proline and alanine as nitrogen sources, a high total content of carotenoids was obtained. On the other hand, using nitrate and urea as nitrogen sources, a high total content of canthaxanthin was obtained.The optimum astaxanthin was at NaCl 3-4% and illumination of blue LEDs. Altermia grazed Thraustochytrium CHN-1, and was enriched with DHA and astaxanthin.Thraustochytrium CHN-1 utilized okara as a substrate for growth, and okara contained DHA and astaxanthin.View full abstractDownload PDF (13037K) -
Yukiho YAMAOKA, Manrvdelisa L. CARMONA2005 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages 32-39
Published: 2005
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFrom an industrial viewpoint, the pure culture of the protist Thraustochytrium sp.CHN-1 (labyrinthulids) isolated from the Seto Inland Sea was cultivated and chemical analysis was performed to clarify itscomposition of useful substances (pigments, fatty acids, amino acids, monosaccharides and sterols).These results showed that Thraustochytrium sp. CHN-1 has a higher C/N value than other marine organisms, that it is carbon-rich and is composed of half lipids.Fatty acids that constitute the lipids were mostly C18: 1, C22: 6 and C22: 5. The lipid fraction contained free astaxanthin and cholesterol.Carbohydrates were characterized by the abundance of galactose. Regarding vitamin content, it was rich in biotin, nicotinamide, and vitamin C. In the future, the characteristic composition of useful substances can be used in determining feed for animals, aquaculture, and so on.View full abstractDownload PDF (7817K) -
Yoshio SATO, Shin-ichi ONO, Yoshihisa KATO, Masaharu FUKUE, Tomomi NAK ...2005 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages 40-48
Published: 2005
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe distribution of manganese-oxidizing bacteria in the sediments from near-shore (Kumano Basin) and deep-sea (Shikoku Basin) was investigated together with redox factors such as redox potential (Eh), reducible manganese (Red-Mn) and iron (Red-Fe).The manganese-oxidizing bacteria in the cores were concentrated in the oxidizing zones near the sediment surface (Eh>540mV;Red-Mn>0.1mg g-1), and decreased as the sediment was reduced.The total number of bacteria in oxidizing sediments were about 1×107 CFU g-1 and about 65% were manganese-oxidizing bacteria. However, any direct relationship between manganese-oxidizing bacteria and the redox factors was notfound.
The dominant genera of manganese-oxidizing bacteria found in this study wereVibriosp., Alcaligenes sp.andPseudomonassp.of motile Gram-negative rods that were positive in catalase and oxidase tests, andMoraxellasp.with the same characteristics except for motility.Manganese-oxidizing bacteria identified in the near-shore sediment was onlyVibriosp., and those in the deep-sea sediments wereAlcaligenessp., Pseudomonassp.andMoraxellasp.View full abstractDownload PDF (8750K) -
Growth of Biofilm on Mortars with Ammonium-Ion and Phosphate Ion in SeawaterTomoyuki KUWABARA, Shushi SATO, Tsuguhiro NONAKA, Naomi ARITA, Toshio ...2005 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages 49-56
Published: 2005
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSPhosphorous adsorption concrete can adsorb phosphate ion, a fertilizer element, from water.It is believed, therefore, that phosphorous adsorption concrete can be reused for other needs different from general concrete.We examined the possibility of reusing phosphorous adsorption concrete after the end of It's service life as seaweed beds.In order to evaluate the biofilm development of phosphorous adsorption concrete, thin leaf mortar specimens holding nitrogen, iron and silicon together with phosphate ion were soaked in seawater, and the amounts of biofilm and adherent algae on those specimens were measured.
The amounts of biofilm on specimens holding ammonium ion and phosphate ion increased from the start and were larger than on the control.And the amounts of algae on specimens holding ammonium ion and phosphate ion increased remarkably after 64 days.In particular, biofilm and algae amounts on specimens with a mixture of waste molding sand
including iron were large compared to other specimens. These results show that thin leaf specimens with ammonium ion and phosphate ion have a biological adhering effect.And the biofilm developments of thin leaf specimens are increased by mixing in waste molding sand. Thus, it is feasible to reuse phosphorous adsorption concrete as artificial seaweed beds after the end of It's service life. And the reuse ability of phosphorous adsorption concrete for seaweed beds is increased by mixing waste molding sand.View full abstractDownload PDF (8597K) -
Katsuhiko MATSUNAGA, Shingo SUGAWARA, Natsuko NAKAYAMA, Kenji TOYA2005 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages 57-60
Published: 2005
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAquatic food webs in a river, a lake and the sea were established by measuring stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in aquatic organisms.The advantage of the method is that it represents a history of assimilation over relatively long periods.In an unpolluted river, Salvelinus leucomaenis and Oncorhynchus masou masou (-10 cm body size) feed on fallen insects, and the gut contents of the larger fishes (25-30 cm body size) were also fallen insects. However, theirδ15N values were ca.11‰ which is 3-4‰ higher than for those of-10 cm body size fish es, indicating that the larger fishes usually feed on small fishes.In Lake Ohnuma, the δ15N values of the larger fishes were 18‰, which is 7-8‰ more positive than the same fishes in the river.This is probably due to phytoplankton, the primary producer in the lake, which take up nitrogen originating from cow dung having more positiveδ15N, 7‰. In the sea, however, δ15N values of aquatic organisms were 3-4‰ positive with an increase in trophic levels. The δ15N values of natural and aquacultured abalones showed that natural abalones feed on seaweed, but macroalgae are not the food of aquacultured abalones.View full abstractDownload PDF (4496K) -
Detection of Halobacterium, an Extremely Halophilic ArchaeaHiroaki ERATO2005 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages 61-67
Published: 2005
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAbolition of the salt monopoly has lead to increases in the distribution and the import of natural salts and foods containing these salts. There is a possibility of the contaminations of these natural salt products with halophiles such as extremely halophilic archaea under the circumstances. The contaminants can putrefy the salt products, and damage the food manufacturers and importers dealing in salts. Therefore, we were convinced of the necessity of detection procedures for contaminated halophiles, and examined the conditions for detecting halophiles specifically using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the present study. Three pairs of oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODN) reported previously and novel twelve pairs of ODN were constructed for PCR primers. The latter were derived from twelve insertion sequences of halophile (ISH) in the whole genome of Halobacterium sp. NRC-1. The chromosomal DNA of two extremely halophilic archaea, Halobacterium sp. NRC-1and H. salinarum, and four other food contaminating eubacteria such as Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus were extracted and purified for PCR templates. The amplified products were analyzed on agarose gel electrophoreses.The results indicated that the four pairs of PCR primers showed halophile-specific amplification. It is suggested that these four pairs of primers are useful for the specific detection of the contaminating halophiles in natural salt products.View full abstractDownload PDF (9536K) -
Influence of the Direction of InjectionYasuyuki IKEGAMI, Hiroshi SASAKI, Tomotsugu GOUDA, Haruo UEHARA2005 Volume 59 Issue 1 Pages 68-73
Published: 2005
Released on J-STAGE: February 19, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis paper presents a comparison study of a spray flash desalination process with the direction of injection based on experimental results for upward jet spray flash evaporation. Superheated water at 24, 30, 40°C was injected upward into adepressurized chamber through cylindrical nozzle made of stainless steel to compare with the phenomenon of a downward jet spray flash evaporation method.
Series of experiment were carried out to analyze the effect of the direction of injection against the spray flash evaporation phenomenon. The nozzle for this experiment is a tube type with an internal diameter of 20 mm and a length of 81.3 mm. The range of the mean velocity of the superheated water inlet was from 1.74 to 3.62 m/s. The temperature decent of the superheated water inlet along nozzle axis was measured by a thermal resistance. Furthermore, the data and empirical equation for the downward jet method previously reported were used to compare with the experimental results on the upward jet method.
As a result, a tendency that the upward jet method needs shorter distance to complete the flash evaporation than the downward jet method was observed. Therefore, the upward jet method has the possibility of making the spray flash desalination system more compact and efficient.View full abstractDownload PDF (6970K)
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