Bulletin of the Society of Sea Water Science, Japan
Online ISSN : 2185-9213
Print ISSN : 0369-4550
ISSN-L : 0369-4550
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Volume 71, Issue 2
Displaying 1-10 of 10 articles from this issue
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Preface
Special Issue : “Frontier Research Papers”
Original Paper
  • Modeling the pH Effect on Rejection of Sodium Chloride by Reverse Osmosis Membranes
    Rhohei TANAKA, Tasuma SUZUKI, Masakazu NIINAE
    2017 Volume 71 Issue 2 Pages 63-70
    Published: 2017
    Released on J-STAGE: September 29, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11457/swsj.71.2_63
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    The objective of this study is to quantitatively model the pH effect on sodium chloride rejection by commercial reverse osmosis membranes. The objective was achieved by measuring the charge density of the polyamide active layer at pH of interest and taking into account the Donnan exclusion effect in the solution/diffusion-advection theory. The experimental and modeling results showed that the predicted chloride ion rejection at pH 10.4 was in good agreement with the experimentally measured values for the ESPA3 membrane with a homogeneous active layer. However, the prediction based on surface charge density overestimates chloride ion rejection for the ESPA2 membrane, which has a heterogeneous active layer. This result demonstrated the need for developing a new solute transport model the considers the heterogeneity of active layers.
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  • Effect of Polyvinyl Alcohol Coating on Solute Rejection by Thin-Film Composite Polyamide Reverse Osmosis Membranes
    Rhohei TANAKA, Yuya ISAMU, Tasuma SUZUKI, Masakazu NIINAE
    2017 Volume 71 Issue 2 Pages 71-77
    Published: 2017
    Released on J-STAGE: September 29, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11457/swsj.71.2_71
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of polyvinyl alcohol（PVA）coating on chloride ion and boric acid rejection by thin-film composite polyamide reverse osmosis（RO）membranes. PVA-coated RO membranes were prepared by filtering an aqueous PVA solution through an ESPA2 commercial RO membrane and crosslinking the PVA by glutaraldehyde. Experimental results showed that the PVA coating decreased water permeability by 39 ％ under the experimental condition investigated in this study. However, regardless of the presence of PVA coating, comparison of solute rejection between ESPA2 and PVA-coated ESPA2 membranes at the given water flux showed that PVA coating does not affect solute rejection for both chloride ion and boric acid. These results indicated that the interaction between boric acid and PVA does not lead to an enhancement of boric acid partitioning into polyamide active layers.
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  • The Link of Material Transport and Ecosystem by Fulvic-Fe Complex in the Boso Peninsula 3: Net Primary Production and Flow Behavior of Iron-Fulvate with Tidal Fluctuations in the Banzu Tideland
    Yuuki YAZAWA, Kouki IKENO, Atsushi SUGIMOTO, Hidetaka JO, Hiroshi TAKE ...
    2017 Volume 71 Issue 2 Pages 78-91
    Published: 2017
    Released on J-STAGE: September 29, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11457/swsj.71.2_78
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    Almost all material cycles perform by fluid media as water and air on the earth. The carbon cycle, including ecosystems, is associated with the activation of material cycles. Recently, the link between basin and sea has gained recognition, and we have an increased need for construction on integrated governance of “SATO YAMA and SATO UMI”, “upstream and downstream”, etc. So this study aims to ascertain the roles of estuary tidelands located in boundary zones between basin and sea using estimation of material transport and natural water-soluble fulvic acid. This paper dissertated in more detail field survey about（a）net primary production（NPP）in the soil from reed vegetation and soil respiration,（b）the vertical contour maps of organic matter content, humic carbon content, Fe2O3 content and weathering index in soil, and（c）input and output vector contour map of iron-fulvate complexes in characteristic creek with tidal fluctuation at Banzu tideland as follow-through from our previous research. The annual NPP in 48 ha of tideland was 98 t-C y－1 which is comparable to a carbon fixing amount in 25,000 artificial cedars. The contents of organic carbon and humic carbon in surface soil till 0.20 m correlated positively with the annual NPP. The generated humic substances in tideland re-leached most of the deposited iron from surface soil to deep underground, and the double amount of iron as iron-fulvate complexes flowed out to sea through the Obitsu river with tidal fluctuations.
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  • Radiation-induced Graft Polymerization of DMAPAA-Q onto 6-nylon Fiber
    Yoshifumi MASHIYAMA, Kunio FUJIWARA, Takanobu SUGO, Shigeko KAWAI-NOMA ...
    2017 Volume 71 Issue 2 Pages 92-96
    Published: 2017
    Released on J-STAGE: September 29, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11457/swsj.71.2_92
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    N,N-Dimethylaminopropylacrylamide methyl chloride quaternary（DMAPAA-Q）was graft-polymerized onto a commercially available nylon fiber in various solvents by radiation-induced graft polymerization in order to prepare a strong basic anion-exchange fiber. Primary alcohol such as 1-butanol as a solvent enhanced the grafting of DMAPAA-Q. An anion-exchange fiber with a degree of grafting of 78 ％, i.e., an anion-exchange density of 2.1 mmol/g-dry, was obtainable. The anion-exchange fiber exhibited a chemical stability for immersion in 1 M NaOH for 3 h at 40 ℃.
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  • Quantification of Charge Density in Active Layers of Thin-film Composite Polyamide Reverse Osmosis Membranes Using a Quartz Crystal Microbalance
    Rhohei TANAKA, Mifuyu HARADA, Tasuma SUZUKI, Masakazu NIINAE
    2017 Volume 71 Issue 2 Pages 97-102
    Published: 2017
    Released on J-STAGE: September 29, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11457/swsj.71.2_97
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    The objective of this study was to measure the charge density in the polyamide active layer of a commercial reverse osmosis membrane. To achieve this objective, cesium ion（Cs＋）was chosen as a counter ion of the deprotonated carboxy group（R-COO－）, and the mass of Cs＋ that associates with R-COO－ was measured with a quartz crystal microbalance（QCM）. Experimental data showed that the charge density obtained in this study at the pH range between of 4.0-9.0 was in good agreement with those obtained using an existing method of Rutherford backscattering spectrometry（RBS）. RBS is a powerful but not easily accessible technique. Therefore, the method investigated in this study can be used as a relatively easy and simple way that permits one to measure the charge density of polyamide active layers.
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Original Paper
  • Reactive Crystallization of Dolomite by CO2 Microbubble Injection into Concentrated Brine
    Yuko TSUCHIYA, Yoshinari WADA, Koji MASAOKA, Toshiyuki SATO, Masaki OK ...
    2017 Volume 71 Issue 2 Pages 103-109
    Published: 2017
    Released on J-STAGE: September 29, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11457/swsj.71.2_103
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    In this study, utilizing the minute gas-liquid interfaces around CO2 microbubbles as novel reaction fields where the crystal nucleation proceeds predominantly, a crystallization technique that enables the synthesis of dolomite（CaMg（CO3）2）fine particles with a Mg/Ca ratio of 1.0 was developed. In the regions around the gas-liquid interfaces of CO2 microbubbles, the local increase in the concentrations of Ca2＋, Mg2＋, and CO32－ because of the electric charge on microbubble surface and the acceleration of CO2 mass transfer are caused by minimizing the bubble size. CO2 microbubbles with an average bubble size of 40 μm were continuously supplied to the concentrated brine coming from salt manufacture discharge in Japan using a self-supporting bubble generator, and CaMg（CO3）2 was crystallized within a reaction time of 120 min. The CO2 flow rate varied in the range between 1.49 and 23.8 mmol/（l･min）. For comparison, the reactive crystallization with the injection of CO2 bubbles at dbbl of 200, 300, 800 or 2000 μm was performed using a dispersing bubble generator. The results indicated that minimizing the bubble formation and increasing the CO2 flow rate can achieve the high-yield crystallization of CaMg（CO3）2 fine particles with a higher Mg/Ca ratio.
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Short Paper
  • Characterization of Anion-exchange Membranes Prepared from PVA-based Block Copolymers
    Mitsuru HIGA, Taiko MIZUNO, Marika ANNO
    2017 Volume 71 Issue 2 Pages 110-111
    Published: 2017
    Released on J-STAGE: September 29, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11457/swsj.71.2_110
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    We prepared novel anion-exchange membranes（AEMs）from synthesized PVA-based block copolymers with various contents of anion exchange groups. The AEMs were cross-linked physically by annealing them and cross-linked chemically with glutaraldehyde（GA）solutions. A comparison of the block-type AEMs（bAEMs）and the random-type AEMs（rAEMs）with almost the same membrane resistance shows that bAEMs have about 20 ％ higher dynamic state transport number than rAEMs. The AEMs with CmVBTAC＝13 mol.％ and GA concentration＝0.01 vol.％ had both the highest dynamic state transport number, 0.97 and lowest membrane resistance, 0.81 Ω cm2 of all the bAEMs.
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Original Paper
  • Jellyfish（Aurelia aurita）Supernatant for Cherry Tomato（Lycopersicon esculentum Mill）and Tomato（Solanum lycopersicum）Cultivation
    Keiichi FUKUSHI, Shohei HORI, Genta YASUMURA, Kiyoaki MIFUNE, Toshihir ...
    2017 Volume 71 Issue 2 Pages 112-119
    Published: 2017
    Released on J-STAGE: September 29, 2018
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.11457/swsj.71.2_112
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    This study was conducted to investigate the usefulness of jellyfish（Aurelia aurita）supernatant for cherry-tomato（Lycopersicon esculentum Mill）and tomato（Solanum lycopersicum）cultivation. Cherry tomatoes and tomatoes were cultivated with the periodic addition of supernatant solutions of jellyfish to the culture soil. For control plots, the same volume of water was added to the soil instead of the supernatant solution. Seawater was used similarly for comparison in tomato cultivation. After harvesting the cherry tomatoes and tomatoes, their weights were measured. Then, sugar and ascorbic acid（AsA）content in the cherry tomatoes were determined. For tomatoes, acidity was ascertained instead of AsA. The sugar content and AsA concentration for cherry tomatoes cultivated using jellyfish were 13 ％ and 18 ％ higher than those for the control plots, respectively, although the fruit weight of the former was 23 ％ less than that of the latter. The sugar content and acidity of tomatoes cultivated using jellyfish were 16 ％ and 15 ％ higher, respectively, than those cultivated with seawater, although the former had 19 ％ less fruit weight than the latter. Results show that using jellyfish for cherry-tomato and tomato cultivation was effective to improve fruit quality.
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