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Volume 60, Issue 1
Displaying 1-12 of 12 articles from this issue
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Reviews
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Taisuke HORIMOTO, Shinya YAMADA, Yoshihiro KAWAOKA2010 Volume 60 Issue 1 Pages 3-8
Published: June 25, 2010
Released on J-STAGE: February 15, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn the spring of 2009, a novel swine-origin H1N1 virus, whose antigenicity is quite different from those of seasonal human H1N1 strains, emerged in Mexico and readily transmitted and spread among humans, resulting in the first influenza pandemic in the 21st century. This novel H1N1 virus was shown to be a triple reassortant comprising genes derived from avian, human, and swine viruses. Here, we review our current knowledge of this pandemic influenza virus and discuss future aspects of the pandemic.View full abstractDownload PDF (2450K) -
Koichiro KUDO, Toshie MANABE2010 Volume 60 Issue 1 Pages 9-16
Published: June 25, 2010
Released on J-STAGE: February 15, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA new pandemic influenza A(H1N1) virus has emerged and rapidly spread throughout the world. The clinical and pathological findings associated with severe illness in Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 and the risk factors are similar to the high pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1).
The effective treatment methods for severe influenza in Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 could strongly refer to the treatment method for human H5N1 infection. In this article, the experiences, the investigation and our collaboration studies for Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 in Mexico and Avian Influenza (H5N1) in Vietnam and the examination for the past pandemic influenza will be described. The effective treatments for critical pneumonia caused by influenza will be discussed from the medical, regional and global point-of-view which can be applied to any type of pandemic influenza.View full abstractDownload PDF (1404K) -
Hiroshi KIDA2010 Volume 60 Issue 1 Pages 17-20
Published: June 25, 2010
Released on J-STAGE: February 15, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS“Avian influenza”, “swine influenza”, and “new influenza” are not the names of disease but “influenza” in humans. The preparedness for pandemic influenza should be based on the measures how to control the seasonal influenza that causes thousands of deaths and hundreds of encephalopathy every year in Japan.View full abstractDownload PDF (198K) -
Hironori SATO2010 Volume 60 Issue 1 Pages 21-32
Published: June 25, 2010
Released on J-STAGE: February 15, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSHuman norovirus is a mutatable non-enveloped RNA virus capable of causing acute gastroenteritis in humans. Thus far, no experimental systems can propagate this virus in large amounts. Recent progresses in viral genomics and bioinformatics have led to a better understanding of molecular evolution of this virus in human populations. In addition, progresses in studies of the related noroviruses, those are replicable in laboratory systems, have led to a rapid accumulation of information on structural biology of norovirus. Furthermore, progresses in public health and water environment researches have led to a better understanding of viral ecology. In this review, I will first summarize fundamental characteristics of norovirus and its molecules. Then, I will summarize structure and molecular evolution of norovirus GII/4 subtype, which is now responsible for majorities of norovirus outbreaks in the world. Finally I will discuss survival strategies of human norovirus in nature by integrating the information.View full abstractDownload PDF (1181K) -
Osamu NAKAGOMI, Toyoko NAKAGOMI2010 Volume 60 Issue 1 Pages 33-48
Published: June 25, 2010
Released on J-STAGE: February 15, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSRotavirus is the most important cause of severe gastroenteritis in children worldwide, and is most effectively controlled by vaccines. The Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) of the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended, in 2009, the inclusion of rotavirus vaccination of infants into all national immunization programs. Two, live, orally-administrable vaccines are licensed globally. They are Rotarix, a G1P[8] monovalent, human rotavirus-based vaccine (GlaxoSmithKline), and RotaTeq, a pentavalent, bovine-human reassortant vaccine (Merck). Although the two vaccines are very different in antigenic composition and administration schedule, they are almost equally safe with respect to intussusception and 90-100% efficacious against severe rotavirus diarrhea. Countries where either vaccine was introduced into the national childhood immunization program have witnessed not only a drastic decrease in the number of rotavirus hospitalizations but a near 50% reduction in the number of all-cause-diarrhea hospitalizations. Rotavirus diarrhea, an emerging infectious disease because of its discovery in 1973, may now be among vaccine preventable diseases.View full abstractDownload PDF (2940K)
Special Issue : Symposium of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Society for Virology
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Hiroyuki SHIMIZU2010 Volume 60 Issue 1 Pages 49-58
Published: June 25, 2010
Released on J-STAGE: February 15, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe Global Polio Eradication Initiative was aimed to eradicate poliomyelitis by the year 2000, however, polio eradication is still not in sight even in 2010, over 10 years after the initial target date. In 2010, indigenous transmission of wild polioviruses has been interrupted throughout the world except four countries, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, and Nigeria. Despite the intense use of monovalent oral polio vaccines, type1 and type 3 wild polioviruses still circulate in the four remaining polio-endemic countries, and multiple importations of wild polioviruses have also occurred extensively from Nigeria and India to a number of previously polio-free countries in Africa, Asia, and Europe. Furthermore, the emergence of type 2 vaccine-derived polioviruses has raised concerns about low level of immunity against type 2 poliovirus in some polio-endemic areas like Nigeria and India. On the other hand, operational improvements in 2009 were reported in high-risk states in northern Nigeria and transmission of type 1 and type 3 polioviruses in Nigeria is markedly declining from 2009 to 2010. Moreover, bivalent oral polio vaccine containing Sabin 1 and Sabin 3 strains has been introduced in 2010 as a promising tool to improve and simplify the supplemental immunization activities in high-risk areas. Although there was no apparent decline in the annual number of polio cases in 2000-2009 globally, it would be critical to review our experience during &ldqio;the lost decade of global polio eradication&rdqio; to move forward into the final stage of global polio eradication.View full abstractDownload PDF (1447K) -
Keiko TANAKA-TAYA2010 Volume 60 Issue 1 Pages 59-68
Published: June 25, 2010
Released on J-STAGE: February 15, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe WHO Western Pacific Regional Office including Japan sets 2012 as the target year of the measles elimination. Japan notified " National Measles Elimination Plan in December 2007 " aiming at being eliminate measles from the country by 2012. In 2009, total 741 cases (5.80 per 1,000,000 population) were reported (as of January 7, 2010). It was a remarkable decrease compared with 11,015 cases in 2008. However, the vaccination rate as of the end of 2008 fiscal year (the end of March) doesn't reach 95%. The first vaccination rate was 94%, and the second vaccinations for age groups of 5-6 years, 12-13 years and 17-18 years were 92%, 85%, and 77%, respectively. To prevent the spread of measles and eliminate in Japan, the whole nation recognizes that measles is a serious illness related to the life, and the department of the public health, the education, the medical units, and the research laboratories make an effort aiming at the goal for measles elimination is necessary.View full abstractDownload PDF (1919K) -
Toshiaki IHARA2010 Volume 60 Issue 1 Pages 69-78
Published: June 25, 2010
Released on J-STAGE: February 15, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFor preparedness of H5N1 pandemic, several types of influenza prototype vaccine have been developed in several countries. Alum-adjuvanted whole virus influenza vaccine, which has been developed in Japan, had excellent priming effect after two doses, and the third shot of the heterologous strain to the subjects primed two years previously elicited strong and broad cross immunity. Moreover, solicited local and general reactions were acceptable. However, influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus, which had much different antigenicity from A Russia lineage, was detected in April 2009 and developed pandemic. According to clinical studies of (H1N1) 2009 monovalent vaccine in adults, split vaccine could induce appropriate secondary immune responses after one dose. These results suggested that adults had immune memory to (H1N1) 2009 virus, and that vaccination strategy to this virus was efficient by using seasonal influenza vaccination strategy. Additionally, since WHO speculates (H1N1) 2009 virus could be endemic in near future, the (H1N1) 2009 virus-derived strain is included in the 2010/11 seasonal influenza vaccine.View full abstractDownload PDF (302K) -
Yasuhito TANAKA, Masaya SUGIYAMA, Masashi MIZOKAMI2010 Volume 60 Issue 1 Pages 79-86
Published: June 25, 2010
Released on J-STAGE: February 15, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSLittle is known about the direct cytopathic effect of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and its association with particular viral genotype or genetic mutation. In some immunosuppressed chronic HBV patients who had liver transplantation or HIV-coinfection, high viremia and liver fibrosis may occur. These findings suggest that hepatic injuries could arise in the absence of a mature immune system and the difference of genotype and/or specific mutation would affect cytopathic potential of the virus. We investigate HBV genotype-related differences in viral replication, antigens expression and histopathology using in vitro replication model or uPA/SCID mice harboring human hepatocytes, demonstrating that different HBV genotypes and even particular mutation are associated with different virological and histopathological characteristics. Infection with HBV/C2 as well as PC mutant of the HBV/B1 in immunosuppressive conditions can induce direct cytopathic effect in "humanized" part of the murine liver.View full abstractDownload PDF (1125K) -
Tetsuro SUZUKI, Hiromichi HARA, Hideki AIZAKI, Ryosuke SUZUKI, Takahir ...2010 Volume 60 Issue 1 Pages 87-92
Published: June 25, 2010
Released on J-STAGE: February 15, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSHepatitis C virus (HCV) establishes a persistent infection and is recognized as a major cause of chronic liver diseases worldwide. Although much work remains to be done regarding the viral life cycle, significant progress has been made with respect to the molecular biology of HCV, especially the viral genome replication and virion formation. A variety of host cell factors, which play roles in replication of the viral genome RNA, have been identified. Involvement of lipid droplet, lipid metabolism and the viral nonstructural proteins in the production of the infectious particles has also been revealed.View full abstractDownload PDF (594K) -
Hiroaki OKAMOTO2010 Volume 60 Issue 1 Pages 93-104
Published: June 25, 2010
Released on J-STAGE: February 15, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEarly studies reported propagation of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in primary hepatocytes or several established cell lines, but replication was inefficient. Recently, using inocula comprised of fecal suspensions with high loads of HEV, originally obtained from Japanese patients who contracted domestic infection of genotype 3 HEV (the JE03-1760F strain, 2.0 x 107 copies/ml) or genotype 4 HEV (the HE-JF5/15F strain, 1.3 x 107 copies/ml), we developed an efficient cell culture system for HEV in PLC/PRF/5 and A549 cells, which yielded the highest HEV load of 108 copies/ml in the culture supernatant, and we successfully propagated six or more generations in serial passages of culture supernatant. In addition, we constructed a full-length infectious cDNA clone (pJE03-1760F/wt) of the JE03-1760F strain, which can replicate efficiently in PLC/PRF/5 and A549 cells. Using a derivative ORF3-deficient (ΔORF3) mutant, we demonstrated that the ORF3 protein of HEV is responsible for virion egress from infected cells and is present on the surface of released HEV particles, which is associated with lipids. Various HEV strains in blood circulation were also propagated efficiently in PLC/PRF/5 and A549 cells. Our in vitro cell culture system can be used for propagation of a wide variety of HEV strains in feces and sera from various infected patients, allowing extended studies on viral replication specific to different HEV strains.View full abstractDownload PDF (1343K)
SUGIURA Memorial Incentive Award for Young Virologist, The Japanese Society for Virology, 2009
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Takashi IRIE2010 Volume 60 Issue 1 Pages 105-114
Published: June 25, 2010
Released on J-STAGE: February 15, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFor many enveloped viruses, viral matrix and retroviral Gag proteins are able to bud from the cell surface by themselves in the form of lipid-enveloped, virus-like particles (VLPs), suggesting that these proteins play important roles in viral assembly and budding. The major three-types of L-domain motifs, PPxY, P(T/S)AT, and YP(x)nL have been identified within these proteins. Many viruses have been shown to commonly utilize cellular ESCRT pathway via direct interaction between the L-domains and the components of the pathway for efficient viral budding. However, for many enveloped viruses, L-domain motifs have not yet been identified, and the involvement of the ESCRT pathway in virus budding is still unknown. Among such viruses, we have been focusing on Sendai virus (SeV) and shown that (i) SeV M functionally and physically interact with a component of the ESCRT complex, Alix/AIP1, although budding of M-VLPs does not seem to be dependent on the pathway; (ii) one of the accessory proteins of SeV, C, also interact with Alix/AIP1, and recruit it to the plasma membrane for efficient budding of M-VLPs; (iii) the C protein regulate balance of viral genome and antigenome RNA synthesis for optimized production of infectious virus particles. These results demonstrate a unique mechanism for budding of SeV as well as a novel mechanism of regulated synthesis of viral genome RNAs for efficient production of infectious particles.View full abstractDownload PDF (1311K)
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