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Volume 9, Issue 6
Displaying 1-8 of 8 articles from this issue
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III. SUPERINFECTION RESISTANCE IN PHAGE-INFECTED CELLS AND THEIR PROGENIESSHIN HAGIWARA1959 Volume 9 Issue 6 Pages 531-535
Published: December 20, 1959
Released on J-STAGE: March 16, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSCells of S. anatum (ε15), which survived infection with phage ε34, showed resistance (“early immunity” or “paraiaimmunity”) to superinfection with a vilufent mutant ε34 vir at 15 to 30 minutes after ε34 infection, but recovered the sensitivity at 60 minutes. At 90 to 120 minutes, most cells became again resistant to ε34 vir. At this stage, progeny cells, which do not carry ε34, were also resistant to ε34 vir infection but later they lost new character as phenotype and gained properties, including sensitivity to ε34, corresponding to their genotype. From 150 minutes on, cells carrying ε34 and those notcarrying ε34 showed respective phenotype corresponding to respective genotype.
The cells at 15 to 30 minutes adsorbed superinfecting phage, which proved to inject its genetic material into the cells, while the cells at 90 to 120 minutes did not adsorb ε34 vir, due to the change in surface structure of the cells, which was introduced by infection with temperate ε34.View full abstractDownload PDF (576K) -
MICHIAKI TAKAHASHI1959 Volume 9 Issue 6 Pages 536-545
Published: December 20, 1959
Released on J-STAGE: March 16, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt had already been found that “B” type inclusion body of myxoma virus had common characteristics of morphology and cytochemistry with other pox viruses, ectromelia, fowlpox and vaccinia.
FL cell cultures infected with myxoma virus were studied by light microscopy and fluorescent antibody technique for the visualization of intracellular virus antigen, chiefly with a view of elucidation of the nature of “B” type inclusion body. The findings were correlated with the growth curve of infectious virus, determined from companion cultures.
The results revealed the following facts.
1. The “B” type inclusion bodies were found to contain a great deal of viral antigen.
2. The appearance of “B” type inclusion body and fluorescent cell in the serial experiment of viral growth were closely correlated with the development of complement fixing antigen and infectious virus.
3. The intracellular fluorescence were found exclusively in cytoplasm, not in nuclei throught the experiment of the growth of myxoma virus.
These results suggest that “B” type inclusion body may be the main site of virus multiplication and the nuclei do not antigenically participated in the viral synthesis.View full abstractDownload PDF (2582K) -
T. TOMII, S. OZAWA, Y. ENOMOTO, A. OKIYAMA, J. IIMURA1959 Volume 9 Issue 6 Pages 546-550
Published: December 20, 1959
Released on J-STAGE: March 16, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAccording to our studies of the O [1] antigen of Salmonella bacteria, up to now, we have been explaining that each bacterium of Salmonella which contain O [1] antigen is sure to liberate specified phage and when the prophage of the bacterium is removed from the bacterial body it loses O [1] antigen, but it was found that S. sendai which belongs to Salmonella D group although it contains O [1] antigen, does not liberate phage and is not induced by UV irradiation.
At this point, in order to detect what the factor is that controls O [1] antigen of S. sendai, we experimented by expelling prophage which hides within bacterial body of S. sendai. Namely, s2 phage liberated from S. typhimurium 4066 was used, and phage s2 does not lyse but adsorbs to it. By superinfecting S. sendai with s2 phage, 103-104 of phage can be expelled from S. sendai. These can be considered to be the phages which were expelled from S. sendai. As the natures of these expelled phages are the same with that of s4 phage which were liberated from S. typhimurium var copenhagen 3164, it can be said that S. sendai is the bacteria that obtains s4 phage in the form of “defective prophage” within its bacterial body. But the appearance is different from that of “defective lysogeny” on Appleyard's λ phage, in the case of S. sendai, it may called “abnormal lysogeny”.
Furthermore, by the superinfecting method like this, non-lysogenic S. sendai was experimentally obtained and by inserting s2 or s4 phage to non-lysogenic S. sendai, abnormal lysogenic S. sendai could be artificially manufactured the recovery.View full abstractDownload PDF (642K) -
KYOKO FUJIWARA1959 Volume 9 Issue 6 Pages 550-558
Published: December 20, 1959
Released on J-STAGE: March 16, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe mode of invasion of virus from a traumatized area to the brain and to the salivary gland is the most important problem in the pathogenesis of rabies. In order to obtain a clue to solve this problem, suckling mice were used as experimental animals and following results were obtained.
1) Adult and suckling mice were inoculated with fixed virus of rabies by various routes, and their susceptibilities were compared. In intracerebral inoculation, the susceptibility of suckling mice was slightly, but significantly higher than that of adult mice. When inoculated subcutaneously, the difference was more evidently observed, suckling mice being about 100 times as susceptible as adult ones. However, the susceptibility of suckling mice inoculated subcutaneously was far below that of adult mice inoculated intracerebrally.
2) The virus neutralizing activity of immune serum was tested by two ways, i.e. intracerebral inoculation into adult mice and subcutaneous inoculation into suckling mice. The results showed that the sensitivity of neutralization test could not be enhanced by suckling mice technique.
3) The distribution of virus in organs of infected mice was examined. A small amount of virus was always found in the salivary gland of suckling mice, although the same organ of adult mice showed no virus activity.
4) Serial passages of brain and salivary gland viruses in suckling mice were carried out by intracerebral or subcutaneous route of inoculation. The four strains thus obtained were examined for their pathogenecity for mice, such as the ability to infect after peripheral inoculation or to appear in salivary gland tissue. But these four strains were not different in any respects from original one.
From these results, some points concerning the process of invasion of rabies virus into central nervous system of infected animals were discussed.View full abstractDownload PDF (1227K) -
IN RABBITS STUDIES ON CONSOLIDATION FACTOR (4)KAZUNORI SHIMIZU1959 Volume 9 Issue 6 Pages 558-573
Published: December 20, 1959
Released on J-STAGE: March 16, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt has been found that the intradermal inoculation into rabbits of influenza virus (PR 8) suspensions caused edema, erythema and sometimes slight subcutaneous hemorrhage. Microscopically, infiltration of leucocytes, dilatation of blood capillaries, hemorrhage and edema in corium and degeneration of the epithelial cells were observed.
Hemagglutination titer in the site of the inoculation was decrease rapidly within 24 hours after inoculation, and multiplication of the virus could not be detected at the site.
Active immunization could not inhibit completely the production of skin lesion, but skin lesion-producing effect of the virus was neutralized by antiviral serum.
Skin lesion-producing effect of the virus was destroyed markedly by inactivation of the virus with merzonin, heat or ultraviolet irradiation, and it was strengthened by sonic vibration and by repeated freezing and thowing. These features were similar to the results obtained in lung consolidation-producing effect and lethal effect of the virus in mice.
Some autonomic blocking agents and corticosteroid hormone had almost no effect on the production of skin lesion by the virus except tetraethylammonium bromide had slightly inhibitory effect.View full abstractDownload PDF (3068K) -
HISAO UETAKE, SHIN HAGIWARA1959 Volume 9 Issue 6 Pages 574-577
Published: December 20, 1959
Released on J-STAGE: March 16, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSS. anatum (ε15) was infected with phage ε34 at various multiplicities of infection (m. o. i), and proportions of nonphage carrier cells in the progeny were determined by replica plating. The proportion decreased with the increase of m. o. i..
These observed values were compared with theoretical values which were calculated at various m. o. i. under the following assumptions: 1) Injected phage genonne becomes prophage before the first cell division of infected cells. 2) Growing cells of S. anatum (ε15) have 2, 3 or 4 nucleoids per cell. 3) Adsorption of phages onto cells follows Poissonian distribution. 4) The proportion (P) of nonphage carrier segregants can be calculated from P=(n-1/n)r in which n=the number of nucleoids per cell and r=the number of phage particles adsorbed per cell, under the assumption of 1). (Theoretical derivation of the above formula should be referred to the appendix of the text.)
The comparison indicates that in infection of S. anatum (ε15) with phage ε34, phage genome becomes prophage before infected cells start to devide, and that each of so-called stainable nucleoids functions as an independent unit.View full abstractDownload PDF (488K) -
KYOKO FUJIWARA1959 Volume 9 Issue 6 Pages 577-581
Published: December 20, 1959
Released on J-STAGE: March 16, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1° Un vaccin antirabique irradié a été préparé à partir du cerveau du cobaye inocué avec le virus fixe. Nous avons examiné l'influence de la conservation prolongée du cerveau et de la centrifugation du vaccin sur son pouvoir provoquant la paralysie chez le cobaye ainsi que sur le pouvoir vaccinant chez la souris.
2° Une centrifugation de 10 minutes à 1, 000 tours par minute a diminué remarquablement l'effet paralysinogène du vaccine. Le surnageant obtenu par une centrifugation de 10 minutes à 3, 000 tours par minute n'a provoqué la paralysie que très rarement.
3° Après la centrifugation de 10 minutes à 3, 000 tours par minute, le pouvoir vaccinant s'est légèrement affaiblise.
4° Le pouvoir provoquant la paralysie du vaccin préparé avec le cerveau conservé s'est trouvé un peu moins élevé que celui du vaccin préparé avec le cerveau frais, mais plus élevé que celui du vaccin centrifugé,View full abstractDownload PDF (641K) -
ON THE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF RIBONUCLEIC ACID FROM STUNT VIRUS-INFECTED RICE PLANTHIROMU YOSHII, A. KISO1959 Volume 9 Issue 6 Pages 582-589
Published: December 20, 1959
Released on J-STAGE: March 16, 2010
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS(1) The nucleic acid is isolated from stunt virus-infected rice plant according to the procedure of Figure 1, and it can safely be called ribonucleic acid with high purity and homogenity from the chemical and physicochemical point of view.
(2) The leafhopper, Nephotettix bipunctatus cincticeps UHLER, treated with the RNA preparation becomes viruliferous more efficiently, and consequently the RNA is confirmed of biological activity.
(3) These findings may lead us to the conclusion that the RNA is the substance controlling virus multiplication and the presence of the intact RNA is a necessary condition for virus infectivity.View full abstractDownload PDF (1273K)
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