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Volume 61 (2011)
- Issue 2 Pages 141-
- Issue 1 Pages 3-
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Volume 61, Issue 2
Displaying 1-11 of 11 articles from this issue
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Reviews
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Hideyuki YANAI2011 Volume 61 Issue 2 Pages 141-152
Published: December 25, 2011
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe activation of innate immune responses by nucleic acids is critical to host responses against pathogens, such as viruses; however, nucleic acids can also trigger the development and/or exacerbation of pathogenic responses such as autoimmunity. We previously demonstrated that the selective activation of nucleic acid-sensing cytosolic and Toll-like receptors is contingent on the promiscuous sensing of nucleic acids by high-mobility group box proteins (HMGBs). Basides these findings, we also found that nonimmunogenic nucleotide with high-affinity HMGB binding, termed ISM ODN, functions as suppressing agent for nucleic acid-activated innate immune responses. In this review, we aim to summerize this novel feature of HMGB proteins in nucleic acid-mediated innate immune responses. In addition, we will discuss the inhibitory effect of nonimmunogenic oligodeoxynucleotides (ni-ODNs) targeting HMGB proteins.View full abstractDownload PDF (1252K) -
Hiroyuki OSHIUMI, Misako MATSUMOTO, Tsukasa SEYA2011 Volume 61 Issue 2 Pages 153-162
Published: December 25, 2011
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSViral RNA is recognized by RIG-I-like receptors and Toll-like receptors. RIG-I is a cytoplasmic viral RNA sensor. High Mobility Group Box (HMGB) proteins and DExD/H box RNA helicases, such as DDX3 and 60, associate with viral RNA. Those proteins promotes the RIG-I binding to viral RNA. RIG-I triggers the signal via IPS-1 adaptor molecule to induce type I IFN. RIG-I harbors Lys63-linked polyubiquitination by Riplet and TRIM25 ubiquitin ligases. The polyubiquitination is essential for RIG-I-mediated signaling. Toll-like receptors are located in endosome. TLR3 recognizes viral double-stranded RNA, and TLR7 and 8 recognize single-strand RNA. Virus has the ability to suppress these innate immune response. For example, to inhibit RIG-I-mediated signaling, HCV core protein suppresses the function of DDX3. In addition, HCV NS3-4A protein cleaves IPS-1 to inhibit the signal. Molecular mechanism of how viral RNA is recognized by innate immune system will make great progress on our understanding of how virus escapes from host immune system.View full abstractDownload PDF (560K) -
Hiroshi KIMURA2011 Volume 61 Issue 2 Pages 163-174
Published: December 25, 2011
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe ubiquitous Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which establishes latency after primary infection, does not cause any symptomatic diseases as long as cellular immunity is intact. In apparently immunocompetent individuals, a chronic infection can develop, and this has been called as chronic active EBV infection (CAEBV). CAEBV is characterized by chronic or recurrent infectious mononucleosis-like symptoms, such as fever, extensive lymphadenopathy, and, hepatosplenomegaly. This disease is rare but severe with high morbidity and mortality. Recently, its pathophysiology is not an infection but a clonal expansion of EBV-infected T or natural killer NK cells. In this review, I discuss our current understanding of the pathogenesis of CAEBV and summarize its clinical features, therapies, and prognosis.View full abstractDownload PDF (566K) -
Yoshio KOYANAGI2011 Volume 61 Issue 2 Pages 175-182
Published: December 25, 2011
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThis year is 30th year since HTLV was first reported as a causative agent for ATL. From a series of extensive studies especially by Japanese researches, a variety of information is now available, such as characteristics of the virus, regulation of viral and/or cell gene expression by HTLV-encoded protein Tax and Rex, the pathway of activation machinery on cell growth, the mechanism of cell-to-cell transmission, and prevalence of HTLV carries. However, it remains unsolved how HIV-1 invades and enters into human, how HIV-1 replicates in vivo, how the tumor cells are selected during course of infection, and which cellular molecules contribute disease onset and progression. It was thought the mechanism of HTLV-related diseases, ATL and HAM, would be quickly revealed earlier time after HTLV discovery since the HTLV-related diseases show unique characteristics. Nevertheless, we do not have yet satisfied knowledge of the pathogenesis mechanism as well as the treatment. I describe the history and perspective.View full abstractDownload PDF (796K)
Special Issue:Positive Strand RNA Virology
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Satoshi KOIKE2011 Volume 61 Issue 2 Pages 183-192
Published: December 25, 2011
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSPicornaviridae is a large family of viruses that cause a variety of infectious diseases in humans and animals. It includes important viruses such as poliovirus, hepatisis A virus and foot and mouth disease virus. Early steps of infection play important roles in determining the host range and the target organs for each virus. Here, I review the recent advances in the studies of cellular receptors for picornaviruses, mechanisms of cell entry and viral uncoating.View full abstractDownload PDF (786K) -
Hiroshi USHIJIMA, Shoko OKITSU, Pattara KHAMRIN2011 Volume 61 Issue 2 Pages 193-204
Published: December 25, 2011
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSCaliciviruses represented by norovirus and sapovirus exist not only in human but also in other animal species. Clinical manifestations are gastroenteritis, respiratory infections, vesicles and hemorrhagic skin diseases and others symptoms depended on the viruses. Inapparent symptom of calicivirus infection is also recognized. Calicivirus is stable in the environment and found sometimes in contaminated food or water sources. In addition to intragenomic mutation, intragenomic recombination is the common phenomenon that usually found in calicivirus genome. The genomic recombinations have been reported among the strains within the same animal species. For diagnosis and molecular epidemiological study, several laboratory methods are available, such as genetic molecular analysis, enzyme immunoassay and immunochromatography, which developed by using the antibody against virus-like particles. The reactivity between virus and host immunity is type specific and the titer of cross reaction is not so high. There are evidences that the new variant strains are emerged and spread quickly year by year.・ Histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) is one of the specific host cells receptor for calicivirus. Infectivity of the virus depends on specificity of the HBGA on the host cells. Because of the inability to culture human norovirus and sapovirus, pathogenesis and immunological data are limited. So far, only feline calicivirus and mouse norovirus are cultivable. Animal model studies for calicivirus by gnotobiotic pigs with human calicivirus and mouse with mouse norovirus are mainly used for experiments of pathobiological study, treatment and vaccine development.View full abstractDownload PDF (3104K) -
Fumihiro TAGUCHI2011 Volume 61 Issue 2 Pages 205-210
Published: December 25, 2011
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSCoronaviruses contain positive-stranded RNA with ca. 30 kb as a genome, which is wrapped by the envelope, and constitute Nidovirales together with Arteriviridae. The feature of viruses in Nidovirales is the unique structure of the mRNA set, called 3’ co-terminal nested set. Coronaviruses have several to more than 10 different species of subgenomic mRNA and generally only the OFR located in the 5’ end of each mRNA is translated. The 5’ 20 kb of the coronavirus genome or mRNA-1 consists of two ORFs, 1a and 1b, between that there is a unique RNA structure called pseudoknot. From mRNA-1, 1a as well as 1a+1b are translated； the latter 1a+1b results from the translation due to ribosomal frame-shifting facilitated by the pseudoknot structure. From those two proteins, totally 16 proteins are produced as a result of auto-cleavage by the proteases included in 1a protein. Those proteins exhibit different functions, such as RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, helicase, proteases and proteins that regulate cellular functions. mRNAs smaller than mRNA-2 translate in general the structural proteins, nucleocapsid (N) protein, spike (S) protein, integrated membrane (M) protein and envelope (E) proteins. Those proteins assemble to the vesicles located from ER to Golgi (ER Golgi intermediate compartment) and virions bud into the vesicles. Those virions are released from infected cells via exocytosis.View full abstractDownload PDF (729K) -
Yoshio MORI, Noriyuki OTSUKI, Masafumi SAKATA, Kiyoko OKAMOTO2011 Volume 61 Issue 2 Pages 211-220
Published: December 25, 2011
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSMany pathogens important for medicine, veterinary medicine or public health belong to the genera alphavirus and rubivirus within the family Togaviridae. 29 species of alphaviruses have been reported, and most of them are arboviruses. Chikungnya virus re-emerged in Kenya in 2004 and the epidemics spread to the Indian Ocean islands and many countries in South Asia, South-East Asia and Europe. On the other hand, rubella virus, a sole member of the genus rubivirus, is the causative agent of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). Because human is only a natural host of the virus and effective live attenuated vaccines are available, immunization activities are strengthened globally to eliminate rubella and CRS, together with measles.View full abstractDownload PDF (874K) -
Tomohiro ISHIKAWA, Eiji KONISHI2011 Volume 61 Issue 2 Pages 221-238
Published: December 25, 2011
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFamily Flaviviridae genus flavivirus contains numerous pathogenic viruses such as Japanese encephalitis virus, dengue virus, West Nile virus, etc, which cause public health problems in the world. Since many mammals and birds can act as amplifying hosts and reservoir hosts in nature and those viruses are transmitted by haematophagous mosquitoes or ticks, those viruses could not be eradicated from the nature. In the recent few decades, the viral replication mechanism and the ultrastructure of viral proteins as well as the viral immune evasion mechanism have been elucidated extensively, leading to develop novel types of antivirals and vaccines. In this review, the flavivirus nature and epidemiology, replication mechanism, immune response and immune evasion, and antivirals and vaccines against flaviviruses were described.View full abstractDownload PDF (780K) -
Yoshihiro SAKODA2011 Volume 61 Issue 2 Pages 229-248
Published: December 25, 2011
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSMembers of the genus Pestivirus, are causative agents of economically important diseases for livestock and wild animals that occur worldwide, such as bovine viral diarrhea, classical swine fever, and border disease of sheep. Pestivirus have novel insertions of host genes in the viral genome and functions of unique viral proteins, Npro and Erns, related to the pathogenicity although genomic structure is closely related to the other viruses of Flaviviridae family, especially hepatitis C virus. In this review, recent studies on the molecular basis of pathogenicity of pestivirus infections were summarized.View full abstractDownload PDF (763K)
Topics:Two Different Receptors for Wild Type Measles Virus
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Maino TAHARA, Makoto TAKEDA2011 Volume 61 Issue 2 Pages 249-25
Published: December 25, 2011
Released on J-STAGE: April 30, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSMeasles is a highly contagious acute viral disease characterized by a maculopapular rash. It causes severe and temporary immune suppression and is often accompanied by secondary bacterial infections. In 2000, signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) was identified as a receptor for measles virus (MV). Observations that SLAM is expressed on cells of the immune system provided a good explanation for the lymphotropic and immunosuppressive nature of MV. However, molecular mechanisms of highly contagious nature of MV have remained unclear. Previously we have demonstrated that MV has an intrinsic ability to infect polarized epithelial cells by using a receptor other than SLAM. Recently, nectin4, a cellular adhesion junction molecule, was identified as the epithelial cell receptor for MV. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of MV to infect both epithelial and immune cells provides a deep insight into measles pathogenesis.View full abstractDownload PDF (2733K)
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