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Online ISSN : 1884-3433
Print ISSN : 0042-6857
ISSN-L : 0042-6857
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Special Issue 1: Recent Trends in H5 High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Viruses
  • The current situation of H5 high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses in wild birds and mammals
    Takahiro HIONO, Norikazu ISODA, Yoshihiro SAKODA
    2024 Volume 74 Issue 2 Pages 107-116
    Published: 2024
    Released on J-STAGE: March 01, 2025
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2222/jsv.74.107
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    H5 high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses, which emerged in Guangdong Province, China, in 1996, has now been persistently transmitted among various wild birds due to the "silent spreading" of the viruses among vaccinated poultry and domestic waterfowl. These viruses traveled long distances along with bird migration; therefore, the threat of H5 high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses is now a global issue. Furthermore, infection in wild mammals has become more prominent since 2020. The contamination of the wild bird population by the virus is considered to be an irreversible situation, and thus, the reduction of virus levels in the environment is an urgent issue to prevent further deterioration of the situation. This review will describe the history and current situations of influenza virus infection in wild birds and mammals, and discuss the research and countermeasures that are required to stop the damage caused by this virus.
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  • Pathogenicity and transmissibility of cow-derived H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses
    Tadashi MAEMURA, Yoshihiro KAWAOKA
    2024 Volume 74 Issue 2 Pages 117-130
    Published: 2024
    Released on J-STAGE: March 01, 2025
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2222/jsv.74.117
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    The H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) of clade 2.3.4.4b emerged in Europe during 2020–2021 and rapidly spread worldwide via migratory birds, causing outbreaks in poultry, wild birds, and wildlife. Sporadic cases of human infection, likely resulting from close contact with infected animals, have been reported. In March 2024, clinical signs (e.g., reduced feed intake, altered milk quality, and decreased milk production) were observed in dairy cattle on a farm in Texas, USA, where H5N1 HPAIV was subsequently isolated. By December 2024, infections had been reported in dairy cattle across 15 states in the USA. Cases of infection have also been documented in cats near affected farms and in humans suspected of exposure through contact with infected cattle or chickens that acquired the virus from cattle. These developments have raised concerns about the potential for further transmission of H5N1 HPAIV to humans. In recent studies, H5N1 HPAIV strains isolated from cattle and humans exhibited high pathogenicity in mice and ferrets. Furthermore, ferret studies showed efficient transmission via respiratory droplets. This unprecedented spread of H5N1 HPAIV among mammals raises concerns about the emergence of a virus capable of efficient human-to-human transmission via respiratory droplets. Continued global surveillance of infection dynamics is essential to mitigate this potential public health threat.
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Special Issue 2: Strengthening the Foundation and Biosafety Management in Virology Research
  • Study of practical biorisk management in microbiological containment laboratories
    Yohei KUROSAKI, Ken-Ichi HANAKI, Shuetsu FUKUSHI, Masayuki SHIMOJIMA, ...
    2024 Volume 74 Issue 2 Pages 131-140
    Published: 2024
    Released on J-STAGE: March 01, 2025
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2222/jsv.74.131
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    Biosafety Level 4 facilities have been established in our country to promote research and development and national capacity of diagnostic test systems for infectious diseases, including highly pathogenic viruses. In particular, the operation of a suit-type laboratory requiring positive pressure protective suits is a first for our country, and it is necessary to establish unique safety management technology. With the support of the Research Program on Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases of the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), we conducted research entitled "Study of Practical Biorisk Management in the Microbiological Containment Laboratories" from 2021 to 2023, with the aim of improving biosafety management technology in Japan. We have summarized our research project and its results obtained for the future direction of biorisk management research in Japan.
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  • JSV Virus Nomenclature Working Group Report 2024: Backgrounds, Tasks and Roles.
    Nobuhiro SUZUKI, Yasumasa IWATANI, Keita MATSUNO, Hidekazu NISHIMURA, ...
    2024 Volume 74 Issue 2 Pages 141-148
    Published: 2024
    Released on J-STAGE: March 01, 2025
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2222/jsv.74.141
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    The virus nomenclature working group (VNWG) was launched to officially fix Japanese names of important viruses under the Japanese Society for Virology (JSV) in 2022. VNWG first determined the priority viruses for the society and called opinions from many experts and relevant scientific societies. Its finalized list, now publicized in the JSV official web page <http://jsv.umin.jp/news/news241125.html >, includes plant viruses ⁄viroids occurring⁄occurred in Japan, algal and fungal viruses associated with Japan, pathogenic human and animal viruses. In principle, a sole Japanese name was assigned to each of these viruses, and shown under the corresponding taxonomical species in the Virus Metadata Resources (VMR_MSL39_v1) issued by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). In this article, we also touched three marked modifications in recent virus taxonomy of the ICTV: 1) adoption of a binominal system into the virus species names, 2) development of higher ranks, such as realm and kingdom, of virus taxa, and 3) approval of virus species based only upon coding-complete genomic sequences without any biological data. Also introduced in this article are what background was behind the launching of VNWG, what VNWG discussed and what issues VNWG recognized. We hope that our attempts and efforts contribute to establish the "grammar of virology": virus nomenclature and taxonomy in Japanese communication.
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  • National BioResource Project (NBRP), Human Pathogenic Viruses
    Takaaki KINOSHITA, Keita MATSUNO, Takeshi KOBAYASHI, Akihisa KATO, Yas ...
    2024 Volume 74 Issue 2 Pages 149-152
    Published: 2024
    Released on J-STAGE: March 01, 2025
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2222/jsv.74.149
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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