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Volume 71, Issue 1
Displaying 1-11 of 11 articles from this issue
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Reviews
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Meng Ling Moi2021 Volume 71 Issue 1 Pages 1-10
Published: 2021
Released on J-STAGE: May 03, 2022
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDengue, an arbovirus, is a public health treat in the tropics and sub-tropical climates worldwide. The disease incidence has grown dramatically worldwide, with an estimated 390 million dengue virus infection per year. Dengue has distinct epidemiological patterns which are associated with the four virus serotypes. All four serotypes can co-circulate within a region, in which a number of regions are hyperendemic for all 4 serotypes. Currently, there are no specific treatment or vaccine for the disease. Dengue prevention depends on vector control measures and early interventions. The COVID-19 pandemic has placed immense pressure on health care and management systems worldwide. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the situation was aggravated by the simultaneous dengue outbreaks, that has led to a double burden which has further impacted the healthcare sector, particularly in resource limited settings. This review article will focus on dengue epidemics during the COVID-19 pandemic and discuss on recent findings on immunological cascades between dengue and COVID-19 and, the impact on vaccine development.View full abstractDownload PDF (5191K) -
Yuki FURUSE2021 Volume 71 Issue 1 Pages 11-18
Published: 2021
Released on J-STAGE: May 03, 2022
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSA variety of viral hemorrhagic fevers such as Ebola virus disease exist in Africa and impose a great threat in public health due to their high fatality. It is considered to be difficult to eradicate the etiological agents of viral hemorrhagic fever because they have non-human natural hosts. Therefore, the importance of public health measures remains high in addition to the urgent need for the development of medicines for treatment and prevention. Furthermore, public health measures directly lead to the accumulation of epidemiological knowledge about the diseases. As an infectious disease consultant for the World Health Organization, I have been involved with public health activities including the development of clinical guidelines, the establishment of laboratory diagnostic systems, the training for infection, prevention and control, the planning of budget for outbreak response, and the analysis of epidemiological data. On the last point, I reported the situation of Ebola virus disease outbreak in Liberia, 2014—2015 and Lassa fever outbreak in Nigeria, 2018—2019 describing the risk factors, morbidity, and mortality of the diseases.View full abstractDownload PDF (386K)
Special Issue: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
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~ Current update on SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Interest（VOIs）and Variants of Concern（VOCs）~Sayaka SUKEGAWA, Hiroaki TAKEUCHI2021 Volume 71 Issue 1 Pages 19-32
Published: 2021
Released on J-STAGE: May 03, 2022
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSCoronavirus disease 2019（COVID-19）is a newly emerging human infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2（SARS-CoV-2）．It had been first identified in Wuhan at the end of 2019 and the spread of SARS-CoV-2 variants has become a crucial issue worldwide. WHO categorized SARS-CoV-2 variants as “Variants of Concern; VOCs” and “Variants of Interest; VOIs” based on transmissibility, disease severity or their susceptibility to vaccines. Especially, the spread of SARS-CoV-2 variant categorized in VOCs, such as B.1.1.7 and B.1.617.2, has been a serious concern worldwide. In Japan, in addition to the B.1.1.214/B.1.1.284 variants, the B.1.1.7 variant has been rapidly spreading in Osaka and Tokyo. The B.1.617 variant was first identified in April 2021 in a patient who was under domestic quarantine and cases of community-acquired infections of the B.1.617.2 variant were first observed in May 2021. Amino acid changes in the spike protein, such as the N501Y, E484K or L452R mutations mainly observed in VOCs in addition to the D614G mutation are thought to affect the transmissibility and immune escape of the virus as well as the disease severity and this may be contributory to the rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Now, several SARS-CoV-2 variants with additional mutations are continuously emerging worldwide and the prevailing SARS-CoV-2 variants are rapidly changing.View full abstractDownload PDF (2658K) -
Ken TAKASHIMA, Hiroyuki OSHIUMI2021 Volume 71 Issue 1 Pages 33-40
Published: 2021
Released on J-STAGE: May 03, 2022
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (783K)
Topics I: Vaccine
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Takeshi ARASHIRO, Tadaki SUZUKI2021 Volume 71 Issue 1 Pages 41-44
Published: 2021
Released on J-STAGE: May 03, 2022
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Shinichi IMAFUKU2021 Volume 71 Issue 1 Pages 45-54
Published: 2021
Released on J-STAGE: May 03, 2022
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSVaricella-zoster virus (VZV) causes varicella (chickenpox) as primary infection, and latently infects neuronal cells in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Reactivation of VZV from DRG results in herpes zoster, often decades later. VZV is the only airborne human herpesvirus and the only herpesvirus whose symptoms (both varicella and herpes zoster) can be prevented by vaccination. Herpes zoster is significantly more common in patients with bone marrow transplants, hematological malignancies, oral Jak inhibitors, SLE, and the elderly. The brand new subunit vaccine, ShingrixⓇ, for preventing herpes zoster is a mixture of adjuvant and recombinant VZV glycoprotein gE, which is highly effective in preventing zoster even in elderly people. In this review, the author discuss the onset mechanism of zoster from the clinical findings and summarize the result of clinical trials of the subunit vaccine.View full abstractDownload PDF (769K)
Topics II: Relationship between host and virus
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Masaki NISHIKIORI2021 Volume 71 Issue 1 Pages 55-62
Published: 2021
Released on J-STAGE: May 03, 2022
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Ryosuke FUJITA2021 Volume 71 Issue 1 Pages 63-70
Published: 2021
Released on J-STAGE: May 03, 2022
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn insects, sex ratio bias is sometimes introduced by feminization, parthenogenesis, cytoplasmic incompatibility, or male-killing. Some intracellular bacteria such as Wolbachia or Spiroplasma has been known as male-killing agents. Here I introduce an example of non-bacterial male-killing agent, Osugoroshi virus found in oriental tea tortrix.View full abstractDownload PDF (2465K)
SUGIURA Memorial Incentive Award for Young Virologist, The Japanese Society for Virology, 2020
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Hiroshi KATOH2021 Volume 71 Issue 1 Pages 71-78
Published: 2021
Released on J-STAGE: May 03, 2022
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSMumps virus (MuV) is the causative agent of mumps, a common childhood illness characterized by fever and swelling of the salivary glands. Like other viral infections, a number of host proteins are thought to involve in MuV infection. We have shown the function of several host factors in MuV infection. The chaperone proteins, heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) and Hsp90, interact with the P and L proteins that form the polymerase complex and function in the protein quality control of these viral proteins, and thus they are essential host factors in MuV RNA synthesis. The R2TP complex is a host factor that contributes to effective viral propagation by precise regulation of viral RNA synthesis and evasion of host immune responses, and Rab11 is a host factor involved in viral RNP trafficking to the plasma membrane. This article summarizes the functions of host factors involved in MuV infection based on our researches.View full abstractDownload PDF (2745K) -
Shintaro KOBAYASHI2021 Volume 71 Issue 1 Pages 79-86
Published: 2021
Released on J-STAGE: May 03, 2022
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWest Nile virus, which causes serious encephalitis in humans and horses, infects neuronal cells and induces cell death. As the neuronal cell death leads to the induction of various inflammatory responses, elucidation of the molecular mechanism of cell death is important for development of a treatment for West Nile encephalitis. In this paper, we investigated the pathology of the neuronal cells infected with West Nile virus and summarized the mechanism of neuronal cell death and their effect on the neuropathogenesis.View full abstractDownload PDF (1573K) -
Hiroyuki YAMAMOTO2021 Volume 71 Issue 1 Pages 87-96
Published: 2021
Released on J-STAGE: May 03, 2022
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIdentifying protective adaptive immune responses against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), mainly comprising CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses, is crucial for understanding in vivo mechanisms of viral persistence and developing prophylactic/intervention strategies. In HIV-1 and pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infections, CTL responses play the canonical role in primary viral replication control, whereas NAb responses are impaired. This NAb impairment in early infection conversely highlights the necessity of elucidating anti-HIV/SIV antibody defense/induction mechanisms, and one approach to analyze the impact of NAbs on HIV/SIV infection is passive immunization. We have analyzed a simian AIDS model of highly pathogenic SIVmac239-infected rhesus macaques, and characterized that a single acute-phase passive infusion of SIV-specific polyclonal NAbs drives a synergistic qualitative boosting of virus-specific T-cell responses, resulting in sustained SIV replication control. This in vivo functional augmentation of virus-specific T cells by NAbs in the SIV model provides insights into the design of protective immunity against HIV-1 infection.View full abstractDownload PDF (596K)
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