Uirusu
Online ISSN : 1884-3433
Print ISSN : 0042-6857
ISSN-L : 0042-6857
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Volume 69, Issue 2
Displaying 1-8 of 8 articles from this issue
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Reviews
Special Issue: Influenza and its protection
  • Protective antibodies against influenza virus neuraminidase
    Seiya YAMAYOSHI, Atsuhiro YASUHARA
    2019 Volume 69 Issue 2 Pages 145-152
    Published: 2019
    Released on J-STAGE: October 27, 2023
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2222/jsv.69.145
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    To avoid influenza virus infection, antibodies that inhibit influenza virus propagation should be elicited by vaccination. Because the hemagglutination-inhibition titer is considered as an immunological correlate of protection against influenza virus infection, most of the current vaccines target the induction of such antibodies. Recent studies on human monoclonal antibodies have revealed the multiple mechanisms of virus growth inhibition by human antibodies against various virus proteins. One of the most attractive findings is protective antibodies against viral NA protein. Here, we would like to summarize the basic information of NA protein, suppression of virus propagation by anti-NA antibodies, and improvement of the current inactivated influenza vaccine.
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  • IgA antibodies contribute to protection against influenza virus infection
    Tadaki SUZUKI, Hideki HASEGAWA
    2019 Volume 69 Issue 2 Pages 153-160
    Published: 2019
    Released on J-STAGE: October 27, 2023
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2222/jsv.69.153
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    IgA antibody, whose production exceeds that of all other immunoglobulin classes combined, is the major immunoglobulin isotype in humans. In addition, IgA antibody, which is secreted onto the mucosal surface as a secretory IgA antibody (SIgA), plays an important role as a first line of defense by inactivating pathogens such as influenza viruses, and is a key molecule that underpins the action of intranasal influenza vaccines. Therefore, understanding how SIgA works is important if we are to accelerate development of the intranasal influenza vaccines. A recent report shows that the polymerization status of SIgA defines their functionality in the human upper respiratory mucosa. Higher order polymerization of SIgA such as a tetrameric form leads to a marked increase in neutralizing activity against influenza viruses. Moreover, we developed a method for generating tetrameric SIgA monoclonal antibodies, and then compared the anti-viral function of the tetrameric SIgA with that of monomeric IgG or IgA. The analysis revealed that tetramerization of SIgA improved target breadth, but not peak potency of antiviral functions. This phenomenon presumably represents one of the mechanisms by which mucosal SIgAs induced by intranasal influenza vaccines show potential antiviral activities against broad range of influenza viruses. These results broaden our knowledge about the fundamental role of SIgA in influenza protection.
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  • Human cross-protective antibodies to occluded epitopes in influenza hemagglutinin antigen
    Yu ADACHI, Keisuke TONOUCHI, Yoshimasa TAKAHASHI
    2019 Volume 69 Issue 2 Pages 161-168
    Published: 2019
    Released on J-STAGE: October 27, 2023
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2222/jsv.69.161
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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    Protective antibody provides the most effective defense against influenza virus, and the aim of vaccination is to induce such antibodies in our body. Recently, novel classes of antibodies with ability to provide cross-group protection against antigenically divergent viruses were identified from humans and mice. A striking feature of the cross-protective antibodies is to target occluded epitopes that are hidden from antibody access under native trimeric HA structure; therefore, conventional influenza vaccines can not elicit such classes of antibodies at sufficient amounts for conferring broad protection. Here, we review how viruses protect these epitopes from antibody surveillance, and how antibodies against such occluded epitopes contribute to protection against virus infection. Also, we introduce the strategies for novel vaccines that induce cross-protective antibody response against the occluded epitopes.
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