The evidence for the reductive cleavage of trithionate to thiosulfate and sulfite in the presence of some reduced agents is presented with washed cells of T. thiooxidans.
The optimal pH upon the reaction was about 7.0.
α-Glycerophosphate was effective as an electron donor for the reduction, and it was suggested that reduced glutathione might be required as a co-factor for the reduction.

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Cytochrome c, coenzyme Q and lactic dehydrogenase (L-lactate: NAD oxidoreductase, EC 1, 1, 1, 27) in Rhizopus oryzae were studied in order to investigate the connection between the mechanism of lactate formation and terminal respiration.
Cytochrome c was extracted easily and in good yield by the addition of cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide to mycelial suspensions. It was purified by calcium phosphate gel and Amberlite IRC-50 resin chromatography.
Coenzyme Q was extracted with ethanol, purified by chromatography on silicic acid, and, following crystallization from a mixture of ethanol and methanol, was identified as coenzyme Q₉.
Lactic dehydrogenase was partially purified and some of its properties were investigated.

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Rhizopus oryzae at an early growth stage in shake culture produced almost no lactate. At this stage, the mycelia were rich in cytochrome c and FAD. On the contrary, those of later growth stages fermented a larger amount of the glucose to lactate and the contents of cytochrome c and FAD were lower than in the young mycelia.
Surface cultures produced lactate at a rate very nearly equivalent to the rate of glucose consumption. Addition of zinc to the medium resulted in decreased lactate production, but no increase was observed in the mycelial content of either cytochrome c or FAD in this case. On the other hand, increased quantities of FMN were found in mycelia from shake or surface cultures when zinc was added.

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Experiments were carried out to elucidate how paracasein was hydrolyzed by the intra-cellular protease of lactic acid bacteria (IPLB) prepared from S. cremoris and other three kinds of lactic acid bacteria. Various para-caseins prepared by exposing casein for variouss time were used as substrates.
These results show that paracaseins prepared by releasing of non casein type nitrogen (NCN) of 3_??_7% from native casein were hydrolyzed by IPLB more hardly than those prepared by releasing of 7% NCN or above-This phenomenon was not found in the ex-periment which was carried out by a neutrar. protease.
Results of DEAE-cellulose column chroma-tography or agar-gel or starch-gel electrophore-sis showed that rennin or IPLB of S. cremoris hydrolyzed some parts of α_s-casein during the early stage of hydrolysis. During that stage-β-casein was also hydrolyzed by IPLB of S. cremoris.

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Studies were made on relationship between endogenous formation of ammonia and levels of mycelial components.
1. It was found that levels of mycelial com-ponents were considerably affected by the concentration of N-, P- and K-sources in cul-ture medium. In the mycelia that were rich in total carbohydrates and glycogen, and less in nitrogenous materials, endogenous forma-tion of ammonia was suppressed or less re-markable.
2. Preincubation of the mycelia with (NH₄)₂SO₄ brought about the reduction of total carbohydrate and glycogen content to stimulate endogenous formation of ammonia.

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the correlation of the fatty acid composition of each cell fraction and the extracellular accumulation of L-GA was carried out as follows:
1. Five factors-pH, temperature, the con-centration of lysozyme, the addition of in-organic ion and EDTA-were studied in order to determine the conditions suitable for the cell wall lysis of the L-GA-producing bacteria. The result was that the cell wall of M. ammoniaphilum-A was undoubtedly attacked to some extent, but was doubtful to be completely broken down by the lysozyme.
On the contrary, the cell wall lysis of M. ammoniaphilum-C was observed with electron microscope and phase-contrast microscope to be completed under the following conditions:
Bacterial cell 4.5mg/ml (as dry weight) m/20 Na-phos- Lysozyme phate buffer (pH 6.2) emp. 30°C 14 hr. Lysozyme 0.33mg/ml NaNO₃ 0.3Mm/ml, EDTA 0
2. Each of the C strain grown in the glucose-biotin (biotin level: 2.5γ/1 and 20 γ/1) media and beet molasses-POEFE (POEFE level: free and 0.15 g/dl) media was submitted to the cell wall lysis under the above men-tioned conditions.
After removal of the cell wall fraction by 6, 000×g, the protoplast was ground by quartz. The cell membrane fraction and “the proto-plasm fraction” were fractionated at 12, 000×g, to prevent the contamination of the cell mem-brane fraction with the protoplasm. Each fraction was hydrolyzed and methylated before being submitted to the gas chromato-graphy.
The correlation of the resulting fatty acid composition of each fraction and the extra-cellular accumulation of L-GA was discussed. From these results, following thesis was proposed: A large amount of extracellular accumulation of L-GA took place when the ratio of Sat. FA./Unsat. FA. in the cell mem-brane fraction was above 1 and the ratio in the cell wall and the protoplasm had no direct relation to the L-GA accumulation.

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Dihydro-α-ionol (II) was converted to dihydro-α-ionyl bromide (III) and dihydro-α-ionyl tosylate (V), which afforded their Wittig reagents (IV), (VI) on heating with tri-phenylphosphine. The Wittig reaction of ambreinolal-tetrahydropyranylether (VII) with the above Wittig reagents (IV) or (VI) gave a-ambrein-tetrahydropyranylether (VIII).

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A defined medium was developed in which Alcaligenes faecalis var. myxogenes 1OC3 mutant K produced a large quantity of β-glucan 1OC3K. The medium contained 4% glucose together with 0.1% citrate, succinate or fumarate as the carbon source, 0.15% (NH₄)₂HPO₄, as the nitrogen source and mineral salts. When NaNH₄HPO₄, KNO₃ or urea was used at a concentration of 0.03% nitrogen as the sole nitrogen source, salts of organic acid were not needed in addition to glucose.
In culture medium containing phosphate buffer (M/15, pH 6.5_??_8.0) large amounts of polysaccharide were formed and its yield from the 4% glucose added was about 50%. Thus, it was shown that polysaccharide production is enhanced greatly if a suitable pH for polysaccharide production is maintained during incubation.

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Florisil column chromatography was demonstrated to be effective in differentiation between different forms of sterols. Sterols of ground soybeans are in four forms, free, ester, and free and acylated glucosides, as analyzed on acetone extracts. In soybean oil foots, steryl ester is present in negligibly small amount. The acylated steryl glucosides were isolated from oil foots in a crystalline state. A chemical structure, steryl 6-acyl D-glucoside, was assigned to the compound, and its-probable identity with the glucosides reported by Lepage is discussed. The acylated glucoside preparation was shown to be heterogeneous in composition, carrying palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids as the main acyl moieties and campesterol, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol as steryl moieties. The presence of the three sterols is common to three other forms of sterols.

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Four alcohols, 1-penten-3-ol, n-amylalcohol, trans-2-hexenol and one of the linalool oxides, were newly identified as the components of carbonyl-free neutral fraction of the essential oil of black tea.
On the gas chromatogram of carbonyl fraction three unknown peaks were identified with those of n-valeraldehyde, n-heptanal and trans-2-octenal.
From these results almost all main components of carbonyl and carbonyl free fractions were clarified.

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Flavor change during the manufacture of black tea was investigated by gas chromato-graphy. During withering, hexylalcohol, nerol, trans-2-hexenoic acid, trans-2-hexenol, linalool oxide (cis, furanoid), n-valeraldehyde, capronaldehyde, n-heptanal, trans-2-hexenal, trans-2-octenal, benzaldehyde, phenylacetaldehyde, n-butyric, isovaleric, n-caproic, cis-3-hexenoic and salicylic acids and o-cresol were increased, especially the former three greatly increased, while cis-2-pentenol, linalool, geraniol, benzylalcohol, phenylethanol and acetic acid diminished markedly. In the process of fermentation almost all constituents increased, especially, 1-penten-3-ol, cis-2-pentenol, benzylalcohol, trans-2-hexenal, benzaldehyde, n-caproic, cis-3-hexenoic and salicylic acids were remarkable.
On firing, most alcohols, carbonyl and phenolic compounds decreased remarkably where-as acetic, propionic and isobutyric acids greatly increased.

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Li-NH₃ reduction of helminthosporic acid gave dihydrohelminthosporic acid (III) and allodihydrohelminthosporic acid (IV). III and IV are the epimers with respect to the carboxyl and III is labil form. The stereochemistry of III and IV is elucidated from the chemical and spectroscopic evidences. III showed a marked plant growth promoting activity but IV did not.

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2-Bromoethylthiobenzenes were toxic to the eggs of Tetranychus telarius (L.) depending on the permeability and the reactivity of the compounds. It was suggested by the means of ρ-σ-π analysis that the reactivity depends on the electron-donating power of the sulfur atom to the site of action or the carbon atom of carbon-bromine linkage.

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Water-insoluble yeast invertase was pre-pared by binding native invertase to DEAE-cellulose. Some characteristics and continuous sucrose hydrolysis by this preparation were studied.
(1) The activity of bound invertase cor-responded to about 1/2 of free invertase activity at pH 3.4.
(2) Bound invertase perfectly hydrolyzed, sucrose into invert sugar as free invertase.
(3) The apparent optimum pH of sucrose hydrolysis by bound invertase was 3.4. Whereas, optimum pH of free invertase was 5.4.
(4) Bound invertase showed slightly less stability at pH 5.2 to the temperature in the range from 5°C to 40°C in comparison with free invertase.
(5) Bound invertase showed higher stability to shaking at pH 3.6 in comparison with that at pH 5.4.
(6) Continuous hydrolysis of sucrose by bound invertase was studied. Bound invertase could be used about ten times at pH 3.6 until the sucrose hydrolysis ratio decreased to the half of the initial.

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