It has been clarified that the aroma as well as smooth texture and lightness of the oil is an important factor in making palatable 'Tempura'. Although there are many studies on the volatile substances produced by heated oils, little have become clear about the aroma of 'Tempura'.
Our objectives, therefore, are to determine, by means of chemical analysis and sensory evaluation, the volatile substances of 'Tempura' and also to pursue where they come from during the cooking (from flour or oil?).
In order to determine the volatile substances, the 'Koromo', the deep-fried batter using corn oil, underwent steam distillation and the substances obtained were analyzed by the gas-liquid-chromatograph (GLC). More than sixty compounds were detected. Among those, sixteen aldehydes, eight alcohols, one ketone, one ester, five hydrocarbons and one aromatic compound were identified.
In order to elucidate the sources of these compounds, 'Koromo' was prepared as follows :
1) Wheat flour batter was deep-fried by corn oil.
2) Wheat flour batter was deep-fried by silicone oil.
3) Refined wheat starch batter was deep-fried by corn oil.
The aroma components were analyzed by GLC and the following assumptions are proposed.
1) Ethanol and n-heptanal are derived mainly from wheat flour.
2) n-propanal, n-octanal, hoctene-3-ol, n-octane, octene-1 and phenol are derived mainly from corn oil.
3) 2-methyl butanal, iso-valeraldehyde, ethyl acetate, methyl ethyl ketone, n-butanal, n-hexanal and heptene-1 are derived from both wheat flour and corn oil.

View full abstract

When French dressing is used with fresh vegetables, water is discharged from the vegetables due to the permeation of the dressing and some ingredients of the dressing separate from one another : these changes develop as time goes on.
These phenomena affect the appearance and taste of the salad. Fresh lettuce was seasoned with salt, vinegar and salad oil in different ways and the effect was examined.
Total amount of the discharged water was determined and salt and acid in the water were quantitatively analyzed. Organoleptic tests were also made with each seasoning method.
The results were as follows :
1. The amount of the water discharged from lettuce was the highest when salt was shaken on lettuce first.
2. The oil prevented the water from being discharged from lettuce. The prevention was most effective when oil was added on the lettuce first.
3. There was no relation between the amount of the added oil and that of the discharged water.
4. Quantities of salt and acid in the discharged water were proportional to the amount of the water.
5. The salad on which the oil was added last was given more preference.
6. We did not find any relation between the amount of water discharged and the taste of lettuce.

View full abstract

Potatoes can be classified into two groups mealy and non-mealy ones. The former is apt to get mashy when it is boiled.
The experiments were carried out to find out the relations between the mashiness of mealy potatoes and their specific gravities. Also the relation between the mashiness and the content of pectic substances which depends on the maturity, conditions of the storage and boiling was investigated.
The results obtained are summarized as follows :
1. The specific gravity of potato is closely related to the cooking quality. Potatoes with higherspecific gravity usually get mashy easily ; therefore they are suitable for mashing or baking.
2. About 0.7 to 0.9% of the weight of a raw potato is pectic substances, and most of them isprotopectin. When potatoes are boiled, protopectin turns into the water soluble pectin. These changes are remarkable in matured potatoes, and also the potatoes stored for a long period of time.These potatoes are mashed readily.

View full abstract

1. The authors developed an apparatus to measure the thermal conductivity of fabrics on the comparative method. Seven fabrics were investigated with various combinations of the number of fabric layers (A) and the distance between fabrics (B).
2. Seven regression formulae for apparent thermal conductivity (y) were calculated statistically and expressed as follows :
y=aA₂+bA+cB+d.
3. From the regression formulae, it was found out that the thermal insulation characteristics of knitted fabrics were as follows in general :
i) The more the distance between fabrics increases, the less apparent thermal conductivity of the specimen becomes. The decrease is nearly equal to apparent thermal conductivity of the layer of still air of the same thickness as the distance between fabrics.
ii) The more the number of fabric layers increases, the less apparent thermal conductivity of the specimen becomes. This relation, however, is not linear, even when the fabrics are in close contact with each other.
iii) The more thickness of the fabric increases, the less apparent thermal conductivity of the specimen becomes. This relation is linear, but the decreasing gradient is small, if the number of fabric layers increases.

View full abstract

1. In 1967, 746 males and females aged 15 to 30 years were measured on nine items, i. e. the gnth, breadth and depth of each of the chest, waist and hip.
2. The chest, waist and hip gradually develop along with age. The growth of the males is especially remarkable in their high school years, while that of the females is slow throughout the years. Males surpass females in the chest girth, breadth of chest, and the girth, breadth and depth of waist ; and females in the depth of chest and the girth, breadth and depth of hip.
3. The depth/breadth ratios obtained for chest, waist and hip of both sexes indicate that there are no significant differences between ages. With females, in order of decreasing the value of the ratio are the chest, waist, and hip. Females show higher values than males both at chest and waist. Males are conspicuous for their broad chests and large waists, while females for their thick chests, slender waists and big hips.

View full abstract

In order to determine the standardized size of clothing that will fit various body types, measurements were taken on 1591 males and females including children and grownups in 1966 and 1967, and they were compared with the nation-wide data. The following results were obtained.
1. A difference between both sexes appears in the year when the increase of stature shows its peak : with boys, the peak is observed in the 12th and 13th years and with girls, in one or two years earlier than that. The age when girls' body-measurements are superior to boys' is 12 in Kagoshima ; on the contrary it is 10 according to the nation-wide data. There is two-year difference. This suggests that the girl examinees of our present study in Kagoshima would reach the adolescence a little later than the nation's average age.
2. Primary and secondary school boys and girls in Kagoshima are slightly smaller than the nation's average children.
3. No remarkable peculiarity is observed in the body types obtained by combining the measurements of stature, sleeve length, shoulder width, chest girth, waist girth, hip girth, and weight.

View full abstract

1. Following Part 1, here I have analyzed and discussed some characteristic features of the method of teaching sewing in the late Meiji era (after the 30th of Meiji).
2. The present report is mainly based upon the writings of Professors Junko Yatabe and Chikko Nishigori, who are considered persons of influence upon the teaching method in the period in question.
3. The method which had been proposed earlier by Mr. Hozawa and Mr. Watanabe was spread out further in spite of some criticism on its certain part. Especially the organic teaching method spread more widely or penetrated more deeply, teaching materials were improved, and the analytical method was developed in the late Meiji era. The view that the sewing education should be the preparation for the students' actual family living, that is the view of pragmatism, was further pervaded.
The most remarkable features of this period, however, were that they attached great importance to the cultivation of the students' personality and to the moral education ; and that the foundation was established for the theoretical system of the sewing education ; for instance the order of presentation (three or four stages) and arrangement of materials were determined in principle. Behind this development there was Herbartianism that was sweeping the whole educational circles and it was applied to the teaching of sewing. Professor Nishigori had the principle of the developmental instruction as well as Herbartianism.

View full abstract

Having in view the importance of self-reinforcement which is indispensable to human beings in social learning, we performed this experiment to apply the effects of self-reinforcement to the problem of child discipline.
We experimented the power effect on the self-reinforcement in relation to the intelligence, one of the children's capacities which can accept the power.
The subjects were 36 fourth graders. We classified them into upper and lower I. Q. groups. Half the number of each group was exposed to the experimental power treatment.
We let each subject try the “bowling-game” -the apparatus of this research-by himself after having experienced the discrepancies between modeled and imposed reward criteria.
We obtained the following results :
The criteria of self-reward set down by the children were higher not only in the power treatment group, but also in the upper I. Q. group.
The level of their criteria scarcely lowered even after they experienced the model of the lower self-reward.

View full abstract

The recent traffic congestion caused by the progress of economics and development of industries has given much nuisance to the people. In particular, the noise caused by traffic on the road has increased exceedingly. In Gofuku, uptown Toyama City, which is located along the national road No. 8, we have investigated the existing indoor and outdoor conditions of the noises caused by vehicles, and have considered the factors which abate the noise.
The average noise level on a street is 87 phon (A) and that in a house is 58 phon (A) in the daytime and 51 phon (A) at night. The frequency analysis shows that the noise consists of low frequencies. The noise in an upstairs room or a room facing the road is compared with that in other rooms. The effect of the aluminum sash on abating the noise has been studied. The various cloth curtains are not very effective in abating the noise, even when double curtains are hung. The answers to the opinionaire administered to the inhabitants show their complaints about the harmful effect of the noise upon their spiritual and physical conditions.

View full abstract

The house vibration, as well as the noise, caused by traffic on the roads is a public nuisance to be abated. However the intensive investigations have not yet been made, and we have no regulations which can be applied to this problem. In Gofuku, uptown Toyama City, which is located along the national road No. 8, we have investigated the house vibration caused by traffic on the road, and have studied in what conditions it abates.
The house vibration in the daytime is compared with that at night. The vibration of the upstairs room or the room facing the road is compared with that of other rooms. We have found out that the vibration of the wooden floor is smaller than that of the tatami floor, and that of the floor covered with a carpet is less. The effects of the cushion and sofa on reducing the vibration are also studied.
The answers to the questionnaire administered to the inhabitants show that the increasing traffic has done considerable damage to their houses. The answers also show their complaints about the house vibration which is big enough to cause unpleasant effects on their spiritual and physical conditions.

View full abstract