Impassible links made by disaster would bring about the increase of traveling costs and the losses of opportunity costs of road network users. A traffic network model considering abandon of traveling behaviour in the case of disaster is developed in this study. This model intends to quantify the user costs in the case of disaster. Both the increase of traveling costs and the loss of opportunity costs by abandoning traveling behaviour are estimated simultaneously by the model. A validation test is also carried out by using a test network. As a result, it is clarified that the relationship between the increase of traveling costs and the loss of opportunity costs is expressed in an appropriate manner in the model.

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Many people recognize various values of traditional wooden houses in Kyoto city, called Kyo-machiya. However, since the time of the bubble economy, rapid city development such as the construction of medium- and high-levels layer apartments have destroyed many Kyo-machiya and have caused various problems such as aggravation of residential environment. Therefore the effective conservation policy of Kyo-machiya taking into account adjustment with city development is required. Based on consciousness of Kyoto citizen, we measured value of Kyo-machiya in central area of Kyoto City with a money term. As a result, this value is about 1.4 billion-yen per year. Then, using two different classifications of values, respectively based on use form and citizen recognition, we clarified a difference of value recognition of Kyoto citizen for Kyo-machiya by combining AHP and CVM.

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In the last decade, a central concept in debates about future economic progress, nationally, internationally and globally, has been “sustainable development”. The purposes of this paper are to clarify the knowledge for attaining sustainable development by reviewing the optimal economic growth theory in environmental and resource economics. This paper suggests that the essence of sustainability lies in some points: a treatment of the present and the future that places a positive value in the very long run, recognition of all the ways in which exhaustible resources or renewable resources contribute to economic well-being, and recognition of the constraints on economic activity implied by the dynamics of exhaustible resources and renewable resources.

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Increasing concern about safe and comfortable pedestrian spaces makes analyses on pedestrian route choice behavior more important to construct and manage them. Since so far most of quantitative studies in relation to pedestrian route choice behavior were conducted in grid type street networks, this study focuses on non-grid type street networks. Based on the newly developed index of spatial relationship between the pedestrian's current location and the destination, this study develops a pedestrian route choice model, which makes it possible to clarify characteristics of pedestrian route choice behavior in non-grid type street networks.

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Cyclic deformation properties of railway ballast under vertical cyclic loading revealed by full-scale model tests are discussed. In order to improve the prediction accuracy of the ballast settlements in the ballasted track, a series of cyclic loading tests were performed to be focused attention on the condition of minimum load and the shape of sleeper in the various design condition. It was found that the settlement of railway ballast increased to be supported at the central part of sleeper for the ballasted track on the standard rigid roadbed when the small void became to be grown between the bottom surface of sleeper and upper surface of railway ballast around the end of sleeper by the cyclic loading.

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This study focuses on the curb lane, where both left-turn and through traffic pass, which conflicts with pedestrians and bicycles. The model of discharging flow at curb lanes is derived theoreticaly, and it represents the interruption of left-turn viehicles caused by pedestrians and bicycles. Through cars do not utilize fully at curb lanes because left-turns conflicting with pedestrians and bicycles exist. The arrival flow of each lane at an approach is generally different. The new analysis method to allocate total arrival flow at an approach to each lane is proposed. The method assumes that all the queues of lanes at an approach, discharge at equal period during green interval, excluding exclusive right-turn and/or left-turn lanes. The lane flows allocated by this method are compared with the observed flows. As a result, it is proved that, the allocated lane flows correspond to the observed ones and the new method can exactly estimate the lane flows from the given arrival flow at an approach.

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In this research, the view from the Okinawa expressway was analyzed to construct the design theory of a sequence view in expressway. Result of the spectacle evaluation by experts, 28 sites were selected as scenic climax, and these climax were divided into the view which originated from outside objects and which had been intentionally set up on the expressway. A whole of the sequence view was composed of these two kinds of views. As a result of the study, the method of adding a new scenic climax by planting to the existing outside climax was proposed to design the whole sequence view through the entire route.

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This paper aims to reveal the process to form a realm around Jodoji, shishigatani, and nyakuouji from modern era downward. The formation of landscape in Tokugawa era as a basic was constituted by huge clops fields and several temples on the feet of mountains, and a few paths connected these components. The transformation after it underwent in 3 steps; the construction of Biwako Canal, the urban planning and the development of houses, and the formation of ‘the philosopher's path’. Especially in the second step, painters and philosophers who started to dwell in this area discovered worth of old elements. They created a wide realm made of two medience of different characters; historical and residential band.

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This paper shows three theoretical characteristics of the departure time choice problems. Several theoretical studies related to departure time choice problems on the congested road networks have been done and some of them have shown the solution of equilibrium problems under some conditions of travelers' cost functions. This study shows a solution of the equilibrium without the conditions of cost functions, shows the general relationship between user-equilibrium state and system-optimized state, and derives the condition for the existence of the equilibrium.

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In recent years, it is important that we make the constructions considering climate at regional area. Especially, the color in the region is most important in the attribute of land.
The purpose of the study was to develop the evaluation method of landscape considering the color. The study used the fractal analysis. Results indicated that the color is not considered enough in the past river landscape checklist. Therefore, a result different from the actual human sense might be shown. And it was shown that the evaluated results by fractal analysis were near human sense.

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When individuals have imperfect knowledge of a public project, a referendum where the individuals are called to vote for or against the project can end up in an inefficient outcome that is different from an outcome performed by completely informed individuals. In this paper, an incomplete information game is presented to investigate the influence of interest groups' voice on individuals' judgements. It is shown that in the cases the individuals judge the credibility of the voice based on the groups' efforts, a limited number of interest groups send their voice in strategic fashions and try to prevent a referendum outcome coinciding with majority will. Alternative institutional designs are introduced to overcome the inefficient outcome caused by referendum, and some problems regarding the referendum processes are discussed.

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A continuous area cartogram is a transformed map in which the map regions are resized relative to the geographic distribution of a data set. It is expected to be an effective visualization tool for statistical data in the GIS era.
The construction of continuous area cartograms is an ill-posed problem, for it is impossible to decide the region's shape by its size. Although many solutions have been proposed, none of these are mathematically clear, user-friendly, or computable in short calculation times.
We propose a simple, practicable, and fast algorithm which solves these exiting problems in this paper.

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Recently, Value Engineering (VE) has been introduced to cut down the cost in the field of public works. Kobe City is the first organization to apply VE to its public works in 1991. In December of 1994, the Ministry of Construction decided to apply “VE Proposal System” to the Ministry's management in its “Action Program for Cut-Off of the Costs of Public Works”. Thereafter, the central and local governments have conducted VE Proposal System. This study analyzes the present situations of the central government, and the local governments and the private sectors that have introduced VE earlier than the central government. Furthermore, the various aspects of the VE Proposal System and the future perspectives are discussed.
As the results, we proposed that to introduce the VE at the earlier implementing step if possible, to allow the engineers taking part in the VE activities without the limitation of company, to build an institution giving the incentives more, to evaluate the effects of VE in addition to the cost cutting and revising of the law and design guidelines for more softly applications.

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