Analytic Network Process (ANP), which is one way to generalize AHP for its application to a network type evaluation, has a disadvantage in ‘synthesizing the evaluation outputs’ of evaluation factor classes.
In this research, we will propose a new evaluation synthesizing model, Comparison Structure Analysis Method (CSA), to counter this problem and explain the application procedures of CSA. By transforming evaluation matrices (i. one-way type evaluation such as conventional AHP, ii. external mutual evaluation, iii. dominance type AHP, iv. dominance type concurrent convergence, v. internal mutual evaluation) into probability matrices, they are identified as evaluation subsystems and combined into a total evaluation network system. The judgment values of instances of each evaluation factor class are obtained as a principal eigenvector of CSA supermatrix, which is a mathematical expression of the system.

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This paper proposes an analytical tool, based on a hybrid rectangular input-output model, to estimate the impacts of the dynamic changes in the internal state of energy demand structure on the embodied energy requirements. The model contains a key feature that is to connect a hierarchical decomposition analysis with a traditional input-output structural decomposition analysis.
The empirical results between 1985 and 1990 show that the changes in the non-energy production technology within the energy demand structure have negative impacts, that is, saving of energy, while the changes in the energy production technology have reverse impacts.

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In recent years, landscape designs have been focused on because quality of life had been a main concern of people. However, there are few objective evaluation methods of landscape. Landscape designs depend on subjective evaluations by designers.
The purpose of the study was to develop the objective evaluation method of landscape. The study used fractal measures for appraising color and shape features of landscape. Results indicated that there was a difference between artificial landscapes and natural landscapes. It suggests that the fractal measures can be a practical guide to the landscape design harmonizing with nature.

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Traffic guide signs are essential information source for drivers who are unfamiliar with the geography to reach their destinations. But the contents of the traffic guide signs are not complete because all drivers' destinations are not shown. Thus it is important to establish an inference model of the course direction on driving road network.
This paper proposes a mental model method for the inference with the shape of concatenated links and cognitive length. This model evaluates the effect of the inferences by simulating. The model assumption and the model building process are discussed and numerical analyses are executed for a road network.

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This study analyzes the floor area ratio (FAR) regulations and road investments as external diseconomies-control policies by using a spatial general equilibrium model with two zones. Using the model, we analyzed three scenarios. In the first scenario, we held road stock facilities fixed and analyzed the optimal FAR regulations. In the second scenario, we held FAR regulations fixed, the optimal road investments are analyzed. In the third scenario, both control policies were changed simultaneously to get the optimal public benefit As a consequence, our study makes it clear by considering the transportation general equilibrium demand function under the imposition of optimal FAR regulations, public benefits can only be measured in a road transport market even in the second-benefit economy.

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In Hanshin-Awaji Great Earthquake, relief goods distribution become very confused, due to the reason that disaster prevention planning did not work sufficient. In order to distribute quickly and smoothly, it is necessary to research what kind of distribution is effective according to various suffering situations which are assumed in advance. Thereupon, this paper surveyed the problems of relief goods distribution, studied an effect of distribution planning by using a model analysis. This paper considers locating a logistic terminal and an urgent road, speed of an urgent road, difference between efficiency and equity, and number of available trucks as countermeasures. As a result, it is concluded that speed of an urgent road is an important factor. And, it was shown clearly that the policies in other countemeasures which should be taken differed according to the speed.

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This study analyzes city-planning regulations in order to optimize external diseconomies arising from population. This study uses a spatial general equilibrium model with two zones. We examined “FAR regulations” for central areas which have many “building” and “Minimum lot size zoning” for suburban areas which have some “houses”. Consequently, it is necessary to establish two types of zones in central areas, in one zone regulated FAR should be larger than FAR without regulations in the zone and another zone where regulated FAR should be smaller than FAR without regulations in the zone. In addition, this study reveals that lot size zoning should not be imposed in suburban areas because lot size zoning reduces social utility level. Moreover, in terms of “restrictions on development areas”, the total residential areas in suburbs should be expanded to attain the welfare maximization.

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In Japan, there are few studies about the estimation of BPR type link cost function used for equilibrium assignment. These are many observation errors in the road traffic census data, which are used for the estimation of BPR function, and the errors are hard to treat. In this paper, the present condition of the stop time and travel speed by road traffic census data is examined, and the method of lessening observation errors is proposed. The parameter estimation of BPR type link cost function, which took the influence of a signal crossing into consideration separately, is tried. Furthermore, time of day user equilibrium assignment by the OD correcting method is carried out using estimated function, and it confirmed the applicability of BPR function to be proposed.

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Tourism has become one of the largest and most rapidly growing in the local economy, so the investment in tourism such as sightseeing-related transportation facilities has to assess sufficiently. Especially, in an area that tourism is a main industry, it is necessary to examine not only cost-benefit ratio but also local economic impacts of tourism accurately. The first aim of this paper is to propose a forecasting system of sightseeing demand that should varies by the sightseeing-related trunk road projects. To evaluate the effect of the sightseeing-related trunk road projects, a revised Input-Output approach is proposed. Finally, we try to evaluate the economic impact by the Kei-Na-Wa trunk road project.

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This paper provides an introduction of the impact and implications of Benton MacKaye in 1920's, appeared as a conservationist, a forester, and a regional planner, who eventually founded Regional Planning Association of America (RPAA) along with Lewis Mumford. Focusing on MacKaye s letters and/or archives with Lewis Mumford and Clarence Stein, it establishes the context out of which MacKaye grew the idea for Regional Planning. This study also conducts an analysis of the achievements and scenario associated with RPAA, examining their concept. It is concluded that the vision of Benton MacKaye can be the origin of today's sustainability. Therefore, it would be needed even more today, as 21st century begins.

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It is earnestly needed that the proper evaluation model of carbon-dioxide emission from vehicles on roads under the conditions of traffic operations and controls particularly in the urban crowded road traffic network. This paper deals with the practical analysis of observed data of fuel consumption, which is in proportion to carbon-dioxide emission, with an equipped vehicle. Estimation model of amount of carbondioxide emission is introduced and confirmed by theoretical consideration employing thermal model of engine and vehicle kinematics. The main factors influencing the amount of emission are travel time, travel distance and speed fluctuation.

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A new algorithm was proposed for estimating origin-destination (OD) travel time on a freeway corridor. Traffic conditions were dynamically estimated by Kalman filter combined with the macroscopic traffic flow model. OD travel time was then estimated based on the optimal estimates of traffic states. The authors have been proposing an alternative approach to estimate OD travel times by Neural-Kalman Filter (NKF). Two numerical examples showed that a) the new algorithm gave more accurate estimate of OD travel time, comparing to the existing approach by the NKF, and that b) dense allocation of traffic detectors enabled the traffic states estimation on actual freeway corridor with the appropriate estimation precision. Further developments for applying the proposed algorithm to large freeway networks were finally summarised through the results of two numerical analyses.

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New payment methods, such as farecard, smart card, etc., have been introduced to the transportation service gradually. These make travelers have richer alternatives of payment modes. On the other hand, in general, the cashless payment method may paralyze the consumer's perception of price. Then, this paper aims to analyze price elasticities of travel demand based on the MNL model for a railway route choice, and to compare them among three payment modes: farecard; coupon ticket; and ordinary ticket. The authors group sets up two null hypotheses on the utility function and tests them statistically. As results of the tests, we find that the elasticities do not differ between farecard-holder and non-farecard-holder, but differs to some extent between the payment modes used.

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In densely built-up areas in the metropolitan region composed of wooden residences, excessively subdivided land use makes it difficult to implement an urban renewal project for environmental improvement and disaster prevention. This study aims to examine the feasibility of simultaneous land readjustment scheme between a densely built-up district and a newly urbanized district.
Based on a GIS-based diagnosis of land use and questionnaire survey, decision making structure of land owners is analyzed. Consequently, it is confirmed that relocation of land ownership between non-neighboring districts which is not allowed in the present scheme provides a significant incentive for the residents consensus to the project. It is also shown from a case study in western Tokyo that the validity of simultaneous land readjustment is strongly influenced by district characteristics, goal setting for urban infrastructure service, and acceptable ratio of land owners contribution.

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The model which describes bicycle route choice of attending high school student has been proposed. The model is based on the assumption that individual cyclists choose their route to minimize the sum of network links' disutility which consist of width of bicycle path traffic intensity and gradient of slope in addition to distance. Using this model, the followings were examined: which road should be repaired and which type of bicycle track should be chosen. As a result, 1) in flat route compared to the shortest path, route change of the cyclist who dislikes the uphill occurs. 2) If traffic intensity of roadway is less than 30/5min, bicycle exclusive lane indicated in roadway is useful. So it is not, roadway and bicycle track physically separated is useful.

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The current practice in macroscopic simulation of urban networks is to treat minor road discharge at priority T-intersection as arrivals at the junction. Present capacity formulas do not explicitly consider type of control, i. e. stop or yield sign. This study is composed of three parts. The first part deals with the development of a priority intersection capacity formula that is sensitive to control type. The second part discusses the application of the developed capacity formula into a macroscopic simulation model. Finally, in order to deal with the yield-controlled movement to approximate stop control operation, the capacity formula was further modified assuming a linear shift of operational discipline from yield to stop control.

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