To evaluate public works in Japan, new third party that likes the Inspectorate in Britain are under considering. This study investigates what hinds of specification are required for new Japanese Inspectorate based on Japanese social conditions. Firstly, it is pointed out that the inspector needs to overcome social free rider. Social free rider is the new concept that expresses iniquitous actions to abuse the democratic opportunity for public decision-making. Secondly, it is also pointed out that the inspector had to catch the good timing to finalize the communicative process. As the communicative process, such as public involvement (PI) and social experiment, have limitation that they could not solve the all problems. Thirdly, characters of the British Inspectorate are also reorganized to make a comparison for Japanese proposed system.

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Residents' satisfaction level about social infrastructure is not only based on its service level but also on its decision making process. The influence of decision making process gets larger in a social situation which includes NIMBY problems or step-level dilemmas where public interests increases with few individuals' “sacrifice”. In the present study, hypotheses with respect to causal relations between decision making process and residents' satisfaction, were proposed, and conducted an scenario-based experiment hypothesizing an imaginary situation including NIMBY problem (n=178) to test these. The results indicated that decision making process by social discussions were perceived to be procedurally fairer, provided higher satisfaction, and moderated egoistic motivation than that by voting or lottery.

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This paper proposes a new AHP method, ‘Group Decision Making Stress Method with Value-Intervals Operation, ’ which operates the raw data of each evaluator's preference within given value-intervals in such a way to minimize the sum total of each evaluator's frustration, the “group decision making stress”. By rationally grading the participants, those who tend to share similar preferences with others should be graded relatively high.
In this method, evaluators can choose their most desirable way of declaring value-intervals, through respective considering 1) preservation of their own preferences, 2) their grades, 3) influence of changing their own preferences to the grades of other members and to the resulted group preference. Utilization of the feedback information on the result will contribute to make the effective convergence of the group preference.

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We built a partial equilibrium model for impact analysis of car related tax on ownership and usage of passenger cars. In this household behavior sub-model, interaction between car ownership and usage and between vehicle speed and usage are expressed clearly. Furthermore, as tax expenditure, not only road construction but also subsidies for pubic transport and/or carmaker s investment of fuel economy improvement are considered. Applying this model to Japan, we show that i) fuel tax is more effective than acquisition and ownership tax and ii) subsidies for public transport have a possibility to reduce fuel consumption.

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We examined through in-laboratory experiments whether a traveler comes to perceive travel times without systematic bias in repeated route choices and whether he takes all alternatives into account when choosing a route. The results indicate that delusion, which means excessive false cognition, and reduction of alternatives may occur through repeated route choices; it takes extra cognitive cost when switching routes; and selecting the route which has been taken many times is cognitively justified.

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This research analyzes the present status of the practical use of traffic simulation models in Japan at first. The research also purposes to identify the future direction for research and development activities of traffic simulation. The analysis is subject to 45 summarized reports concerning to the practical applications of eight Japanese/overseas models collected by the simulation working group (WG5/WS) under the technical committee of Japan Society of Civil Engineers. The application reports are aggregated in terms of simulation purposes, subjective policies, network characteristics, data acquisition and evaluation indexes. Finally, the paper concludes the gaps that interfere to promote the practical use of simulation through the analysis, and identifies the future requirements for traffic simulation technology.

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The transport for the injured is one of the important activity at a serious incident. However it has never been handled fully up to now in the incident response plan. The study aims to give evaluation indices for the many injured when a serious incident occurs. We define three kinds of risks; the transport risk, the medical confusion risk, the left behind risk. Then we try to calculate the value of each risk by a mathematic model. As the results of case studies that the Garuda Indonesian airplane accident and the Shigaraki train accident, it proves that it is available as benchmarks for evaluation of transport activity.

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The problem of road traffic congestion and the corresponding pollution from motor vehicles have become important issues in developing metropolitan areas that lack railway and urban expressway networks like Metro Manila. This paper tried to build an evaluation system which considers civic environmental consciousness to the transportation policies to reduce SPM. In this study, a questionnaire survey for residents, roadside pedestrians, and public transport users was performed. From there, the awareness structure regarding damage to the environment and health due to air pollution was understood. Moreover, traffic characteristic and roadside-land-use information on the region were inputted to the traffic microscopic simulation “PARAMICS”, and the actuality of traffic flow and SPM measurements were verified. From these two results, the effect of several transportation policies on traffic flow and air environments were evaluated.

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The regime switching model developed by Hamilton is applied to winter traffic data and the relationship between the road surface condition and the traffic speed is analyzed. In the regime switching model, the structure of a time series is assumed to be subject to change in accordance with an unobservable Markov chain. The parameters that specify the structure in each state and transition probabilities of the Markov chain can be estimated by the maximum likelihood method. A regime switching model with two states is applied to traffic speed data collected on a national highway in winter and it is shown that each state of the supposed Markov chain coincides quite well with the good and bad road surface conditions.

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This paper aims to develop a mathematical model that is able to forecast the traffic flow on the transportation network where there are the system users and nonusers, and evaluate the system benefits. This model is basically based on the ordinary multiple user network equilibrium model, but we can formulate the other equivalent mathematical optimization problem using an appropriate definition on VICS users share modeling. By using this model, we can measure the effectiveness that is consistent with the demand-modeling framework. Furthermore, we investigate the sensitivity not only of traffic flow but also of the share of VICS users by several numerical analyses. As a result, we can find the interest results that VICS information sometimes lessens the total travel time and that the social total cost can ameliorate even if we charge fee for VICS information.

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Safety and comfort walking are important factors for urban planning. To analyze pedestrian route choice behavior is necessary for providing pedestrian spaces that are preferred and frequently used by pedestrians. There were many researches based on the following three factors including 1) street environment, 2) characteristics of pedestrians, and 3) spatial relationship between the current location and the destination. Most researches were conducted from view points of 1) and 2) or 2) and 3). However few researches considered 1), 2), and 3) at the same time, also mostly they were qualitative analyses. Based on an observation survey, this study aims to investigate characteristics of pedestrian route choice behavior and develop a pedestrian route choice model.

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This paper extends the conventional static marginal cost analysis to the dynamic one based on the time-dependent analysis of traffic flow at a bottleneck. Since congestion phenomena are time-dependent, the supply function is reformulated dynamically over time and the dynamic marginal cost is defined. As the result, the marginal cost is shown to be more closely related to the duration of congestion period than the personal cost. This result represents characteristics of dynamic congestion that a slight change of demand at some time affects traffic condition thereafter. Next, the analysis is modified based on the previous studies so that it includes the departure time choice. In this case, it is shown that the dynamic marginal cost depends on users' desired arrival times at destinations, and the dynamic marginal cost pricing scheme is discussed.

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There are many tangible factors such as environmental problem, road traffic jam and labor shortage to restrict the domestic physical distribution. In recent years, the modal shift that means the shift of means of physical distribution from road to rail or ship is more and more strongly needed. In these circumstances, the index that was calculated the base of various conditions is necessary, to grasp the transport characteristic of domestic cargo from a more different point of view.
In this paper, first of all, after domestic cargo is classified with the general cargo and industrial basic cargo, and the volume of domestic general cargo by convencional ship, container ship, roll on/off ship, ferry, rail and track are estimated at each transporting distance zones. Second, the share of transporting mode and the share by ship are calculated at several transporting distance cases, and the characteristic of marine transporting mode in domestic general cargo are grasped.
As the result, value of share of cargo weight and transporting distance ton kilometer by ship is 33% for over 300km transporting distances, 39% for over 500km. And, as the transporting distances are getting longer, the values of share by ship are getting larger.

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In this paper, in order to grasp the trend of the East Asia region that the volume of container cargo is increasing remarkably in recent years, the characteristics of container transportation on the main ports in East Asia was clarified.
The trend of the main ports of the East Asia area was clarified by transition of the amount of handling of the container cargo for the past 20 years.
Next, the difference in the characteristic of a domestic port and a foreign port was clarified by the quantitative analysis of the flow pattern of container cargo that passes through a port.
Furthermore, the characteristic of container vessels that call at main container ports was clarified by analysis of the pattern that call at North American and intra Asian routes, and the pattern that call at Japanese port.

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