Experimental models of mandibular infection were inoculated with two species of Streptococcus milleri NCTC 7331 and Bacteroides fragilis NCTC 9343 using NZW rabbits according to the Satoh-Heimdahl method, and the influences of the antibiotics frequently used in dentistry on chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) were examined in vitro.
The chemotaxis were checked before and 3, 7 and 21 days, and 8 and 12 weeks after inoculation. The antibiotics used in this study were cefaclor (CCL) and cefteram (CFTM) as cephem antibiotics, erythromycin (EM) and clarithromycin (CAM) as macrolide antibiotics, and tosufloxacin (TFLX) and sparfloxacin (SPFX) as new quinolones, each of which was adjusted to the concentrations of 1, 10, and 100μg/ml for the experiments. PMN chemotaxis was induced by N-formyl-methionyl-leucylphenylalanine (FMLP) with a 96-well chemotaxis chamber. A micro-plate reader was used for quantitative measurements of chemotactic cells.
The results were as follows:
1) The chemotaxis of the PMN of infection models began to increase after inoculation and reached its maximum on day 3. Chemotaxis was still higher at week 12 as compared with its level before inoculation.
2) CCL and CFTM of cephems had no influence on the chemotaxis of PMN at any time during the experiments including preinoculation at any of the concentrations.
3) EM and CAM did not affect the chemotaxis of PMN at any time during the experiments at 1μg/ml. However, there were some inhibitions of chemotaxis at 10μg/ml, and further inhibitions were observed at 100μg/ml.
4) As new quinolones, TFLX and SPFX had no influence on the chemotaxis of PMN at any time during the experiments including pre-inoculation at 1μg/ml, whereas there were increases in chemotaxis at 10 μg/ml and inhibitions at 100 μg/ml.

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In the field of oral and maxillofacial surgery, tubefeeding is frequently carried out for postoperative nutritional control, because disease occurs in and around the oral cavity.
In this study, the nutritional effects and the safety of new enteral nutrient “TERMEAL 2.0^®” applied to postoperative nutrition was investigated and compared with conventional liquid diets. As the results, nutritional index was improved during the application period and severe side effects such as diarrhea were not observed. In addition, TERMEAL 2.0^® can accelerate enteral hyperalimentation as compared with conventional liquid diets. The results suggested that TERMEAL 2.0^® is useful in oral and maxillofacial surgery.

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Na⁺, K⁺-ATPaseは, すべての動物細胞に存在し各組識において重要な役割を果たしている.Na⁺, K⁺-ATPaseが全身麻酔薬および関連薬によって阻害されることは, 麻酔作用および副作用に関わっているとも考えられ, 著者らは種々の全身麻酔薬およびその関連薬がNa⁺, K⁺-ATPaseに及ぼす影響と作用機構について調べた.Na⁺, K⁺-ATPaseをウサギ腎から分離精製し, 全身麻酔薬がNa⁺, K⁺-ATPase活性に及ぼす影響と, リン酸化中間体 (EP) の生成量, EPのK⁺およびADPの感受性に与える影響について調べた.その結果, フェンタニルを除くすべての麻酔薬および関連薬は, 濃度依存性にNa⁺, K⁺-ATPase活性を阻害した.揮発性麻酔薬においては50%阻害濃度 (IC₅₀値) と臨床的麻酔の強さ (MAC値) の間に強い相関関係がみられた.つぎに阻害メカニズムを調べるために, 各麻酔薬に対するNa⁺, K⁺-ATPase活性とその部分反応であるNa⁺-ATPase活性およびK⁺-pNPPase活性の感受性を比較した.その結果, バルビタール類, ベンゾジアゼピン類, ドロペリドールおよび塩酸ケタミンにおいてK⁺-pNPPase活性の感受性が最も低かったのに対して, 揮発性麻酔薬では最も感受性が高かった.さらに, EP形成に与える影響が各薬剤によって異なっていた.すなわち, イソフルランおよび塩酸ケタミンはEP形成を抑制しなかったのに対して, ベンゾジアゼピン類であるミダゾラムはEP形成を抑制した.さらに, EPのK⁺に対する反応性が塩酸ケタミンでは増加したのに対して, イソフルランでは低下していた.以上の結果から, 全身麻酔薬および関連薬のNa⁺, K⁺-ATPaseに対する阻害メカニズムはそれぞれの薬物で異なることが示唆された.

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Extract of Eucalyptus globulus showed antibacterial activity against several oral bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus and Streptococcus sanguis. It also showed inhibitory effect on glycosyltransferase (GTase of mutans streptococci) in vitro.
In this study, anti-caries activity of extract of E. globulus on S. mutans-infected gnotobiotic BALB/cA mouse model was investigated.
Germ-free BALB/cA mice (5 weeks old) were divided into 1 control group and 3 experimental groups. The control group were fed Diet 2000 (D#2000) containing 30% sucrose and experimental groups were fed D#2000 containing extract of E. globulus at levels of 0.5%, 0.1% and 0.05%. All groups were inoculated with S. mutans ATCC 25175.
The number of S. mutans on the teeth of the experimental groups 0.5% and 0.1% were significantly lower than that of the control group (p<0.01) . That of the 0.5% group was also significantly lower than that of 0.05% group (p<0.05) .
The number of S. mutans in the cecum contents of the experimental groups 0.5% (p<0.01) and 0.1% (p<0.05) were significantly lower than that of the control group. That of the 0.5% group was also significantly lower than those of the 0.1% (p<0.05) and 0.05% groups (p<0.01) .
Caries developed in all mice, however, the mean caries scores of the experimental groups 0.5% and 0.1% were significantly lower than that of the control group (p<0.01) . Further, the mean caries score of the 0.5% group was significantly lower than those of the 0.1% and 0.05% groups (p<0.01) .
The results suggested that extract of E. globulus showed anti-caries activity in gnotobiotic BALB/cA mouse model. This anti-caries activity of extract of E. grobulus might be due to bacteriostatic action of S. mutans, and extract of E. grobulus has an inhibitory effect on GTase of S. mutans.

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The Phamacokinetics of ABPC were investigated to compare the effectiveness of intravenous drip infusion of 1.0g of ABPC followed by two successive oral administrations of 0.5g of LAPC with that of three successive oral administrations of 0.5g of LAPC to outpatients with moderate to severe infections in the oral and maxillofacial regions.
The results were as follows:
1. In the subjects receiving drip infusion of 1.0g ABPC and two successive oral administrations of 0.5g LAPC, the concentration of ABPC reached a peak of 46.34μg/ml soon after drip infusion was stopped. Thereafter, the blood concentration was maintained over 3.8μg/ml for about 6 hours.
2. When the two administration methods were compared, the blood concentration of ABPC after combination therapy was higher from the initiation of administration to 4 hours after the end of administration.
3. Since blood concentrations were well maintained, this combination therapy may be effective against resistant oral streptococci, as well as other anaerobic gramnegative bacillus.

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