1. Two lineages in the arguments about public and private social work. 2. The "beginning" of the private social work in the latter half of the Taisho era. 3. The "ordeal" of the private social work in the early Showa era. 4. The "setback" of the private social work in the time of SinoJapanese War II and the Pacific War. 5. The "Private nature (Minkan-sei)" of the "Private (Minkan)" social work and social welfare work.

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In May of 1983, municipal level councils of social welfare achieved their long sought after formal recognition within national legislative statutes. In the process of achieving this recognition, municipal level councils were clearly recognized as playing a central role in the promotion of social welfare at the local community level. The provision of more commuity welfare services including more welfare services delivered in the home is seen as being the basic direction of the future. At the prsent time, however, these kinds of service have yet to be adequately provided, they have yet not received legislative recognition, and adequate financial backing is yet to be forthcoming. Municipal level councils of social welfare regard the promotion of community and home delivered services as clearly a concrete program area in which they can carry out their own special objective of providing community residents whith a better welfare base. Throghout the country, councils are engaged in innovative efforts in this regard. While these efforts may be innovative in nature, many problems are also emerging. Hokkaido Prefecture has been involved as a part of this endeavor since 1970. This article attempts to present an outline of this effort, describing clearly the present practice involved, and in this way presents an analysis of the public/private sector social welfare issues involved.

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The purpose of this report on the third section is to bring forward the material for discssion about the role and function of private social welfare institution. Funds of the most private social welfare institutions are granted for welfare placement by the national and local government, therefore it is difficult to display their originality. But, in order to play their role such as a pioneer, a outrider, a demonstrator and a critic, they should have the point of view of problemsolving approach. The role of private social welfare agency has been explained as a practice of social welfare juridical person. In regard to the role and duty of social welfare institution, it doesn't matter whether they belong to the public or private administration. The difference between public and private administration is only that of a way of supply. It is the most important that the fundamental human right of clients is guaranteed, and public responsibility to supply people welfare services securing their right to human living ought to be fulfilled by the state, through services supplied whether by public institution or private institution.

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David Scott in the World Report at the 21st International Conference on Social Welfare in Brighton in 1982 pointed out that we can identify three characteristics of voluntary organizations. Thy are freedom of association, subsidiarity and pluralism. These three add up to independence from the State. The report of the Wolfenden Committee in Great Britain in 1978 stood on the similar position. Voluntary organizations are organized voluntarily without statutory interference and beeing managed on their own initiative. Thus they can freely choose their own clients. At least a sizable portion of their revenue should come from voluntary sources. On the contrary, in our country we only have private organizations who are merely organized separately from the public organizations but based on the minute statutory requirements. Accordingly they are at all independent auspices but heavily dependent on the public authorities to the extent that they almost entirely lack the above mentioned three characteristics. One serious defect in our system is lack of the viable social market which has a clear domain demarcating the economic market. The demarcation is usually the functional threshold which prevents for the social market to excessively expand and go beyond the maximum social efficiency. However, our private organizations are protected by the statute so as to be free from competetion with the economic market. Most common welfare activities are statutorily limited to designated private agencies as well as public agencies. Those private services are exclusively sold to public authorities. Prefectural and municipal in turn are not only exclusive buyers of social servies from the protected private organizations but also exclusive sellers of those purchased services to the clients. The essential function of public agencies are thus nothing more than monopolistic brokers between providers and clients. This monopoly of welfare services by public agencies is far from pluralism which is generally a unique character of voluntary organizations in the world.

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Social work practice is struk immediately by the all-pervasive influence of particular cultural settings on the expectations, goals, perceptions and evaluations of both clients and social worker. It is clearly essential to consider the particular values of the knowledge on which social work is based. There is a tendency to assume, unthinking, that the particular values are in the last resort more natural. For the whole of helping skills on social work is pervaded with concepts such as "the individual", "interaction", "social relations", which originated from Europe. The awareness of different cultural origins is important for effective adaptation to a wide range of the helping skills in Japan. This paper's aim is to examine from the standpoint of comparative study a new methodological framework for Japanese social work studies, with particular attention to the the skills of helping individuals. In order to make this approach clear the effective social work practice in Japan is needed. The framework in this article is as follows ; 1. The idea of unthinking induction of helping skill which is different cultural origins and the disregard of social work practice. 2. The distortional Japanization of helping skills originate from Europ. 3. Giving sufficient attention to the cultural relativity and the reformations of a conceptional framework for the skills of helping individuals in Japan. 4. From the specific point of view on Japanese society.

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Since 1977, we have been studying methods of treating the mentally retarded who are now at home without receiving any social service. We have used the so-called "Ryoiku Shido", a group work which consists of two series of experiences : one of occupational therapy and the other self-care training. We describe the function of Ryoiku Shido as that of educating and giving therapy having the attitude of acceptance for the retarded. Each of the subjects is not only severly retarded but also disturbed emotionally. We expect that Ryoiku Shido will take off his veil, make him active and change his everyday life from passivity to activity. In such a process we expect to meet his needs and to accelerate the development of his ego and thus to solve his behavior problems.

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The difference of between Japan and Europe in a history of relief is in that the premodern rulers' charity has developed into a national relief system in Japan and the premodern mutual aid has developed into a public relief system in Europe. Human being has lived together in a community, so the mutual aid is a from of the most primitive relief and has existed both in Japan and in Europe. But in Europe the mutual aid has developed into a public system and in Japan Otherwise, the mutual aid declined and the rulers' charity has developed into a national system. For that, in modern Europe people thought that the relief was based on whole nation's cooperation but in modern Japan people understood that the relief was given to the nation by rulers. Baien Miura's idea of the Jihimujin(a relief fund)mentioned in this paper, however, shows that also in Japan the mutual aid could develope into a public system. In addition to that, his theory of poverty contained a modern ethical view that says a holy of labor, which didn't appear in Japanese philosophers at 18 or 19 century. This shows that the possibility to form a modern theory of poverty existed. In this paper I picked up Baien Baien Miura, a philosopher in the last of feudal socieiy, and analyzed his theory of poverty in order to make it clear that the history of relief in Japan is different from that in Europe structurally.

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In 1982, Japanese Society for the Study of Social Welfare set up a study committee on social welfare educasion. The comittee, jointly with the Sience Coucil of Japan and Japanese Association of School of Social Work, has carried a national survey on the Social Welfare education. As a part of the project, a national survey on 21 universities of social work was made. The purpose of the survey is to prepare the very basic deta for the nation wide evaluation of social welfare education on the university level. A brief summary of the results to the following points are presented. [A] (1) Characteristics of the school organizational sponsorship, year of foundation, member of students, staff composition, etc. (2) Admission procedure subjects of entrance examination, trends of appliants and of admitted students in these last 5 years. (3) Characteristics of the students men-women ratio, etc. (4) Fees, scholarships and other educational facilities (5) Thesis and Field Work (6) Position occupied by graduaters (7) Comments by teaching staff on (a) present condition and (b) future task, of the university education of social welfare. [B] Characteristics of the students 5,788 cases of the social welfare students (freshman and se niors) were examined, on the following Points. (1) University (2) Sex (3) A School year (4) A experience of failed the entrance examination (5) The desired subject Of sutudy (6) Native Place (7) The occupation of palents (8) Family income (9) A personal contact with the person who concernd social welfare (10) Relations who have handicapped (11) A experience of volunteer work (12) A choice reason of major (13) A choice reason of university (14) Basic pattern of school life (15) The desired subject of work (16) The desired place of work (17) A feeling of satisfaction on university education (18) A feeling of satisfaction on school life (19) A intensification of willing for social welfare (20) A significant subject (21) The attendance of class (22) Participation in a extracurricular activities on social welfare

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