At present efficiency is the standard for value judgment in Japan. The old and the handicaped are looked at as valueless. But the wisdom of the old essential to the development of culture. The old have left much cultural inheritance in the world history. A nation, who does not esteem the old, must fall. We must lern many more things from the wisdom of the old. Today the way of life is not comfortable to the old. The change of the social structure brings about the tragedy to the old. In the depopulated areas many old persons live alone isolated from their family. And in the overpopulated city they can not live comfortably for the shortage of housing accomodation. We can say that the old are experiencing an age of sufferings in Japan. Now ethics shoud be based not upon the social norm, but upon the pathos for other person's sufferings. We must be concious of the sufferings of the old. And on this conciousness we can consider how we shoud deal with the old. We must consider furthermore how the old accept death. In the history of the Japanese thought death is always in life: death is essentially not diffirent from life many men were familiar to a family Buddhist altar. There were the memorial tablets of the dead. They went to death in home watched by thier family. But today death is disappearing in the daily living. Many men are not familiar to a family Buddhist altar and go to death in hospital. No we must reconsider how man shoud accept death.

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The purposes of my statement at the symposium are twofold : first, to show the historical perspective of care-tasks in nursing homes, and second, to suggest the current themes for reexamination of care in nursing homes. As reviewing the history of old people's home, I suggested two trends : first, the specialization of homes followed the residents needs, and second, the accumulation of care-tasks for residents and for facilities. The current themes for reexamination of care in nursing homes consist of six issues : such as the function of residential facilities, the discipline for denning residential care, the speciality of residential care, the facility system, the impact of idea of normalization on the residential care, and the evaluation of facility itself and outcomes of care for residents.

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The purpose of this article is to examine the resent trends of social welfare policy in Japan and to make its point at issues and tasks clear. In my opinion, its point at issues is about the public responsibilities for social welfare. The framework in this article is as follows ; 1. Trends and characteristics of social welfare policy under the "reviewing social welfare" 2. Process of social welfare policy and its present stage 3. The expantion of social welfare policy and its character as "private matters" 4. Right to live and public responsibilities for social welfare 5. Public responsibilities and national minimum standards in social welfare 6. The arguments of benefit theory and its question points 7. Principles and present choice

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When we reconsider the social welfare in Japan today, it is crucial to realize the reform based on an acculate historical survey of the social welfare in the post-war period and the contemporary analysis of it, and also to form a certain consensus among people on it. In this report I will examine the achievements and some tasks particularly on the ideological aspects, of social welfare. 1. I will divide the process of the development of post-war social welfare into the following 4 stages : 1) 1945-51 post-war reformation period 2) 1951-60 establishing period 3) 1960-75 expanding period 4) 1975- restrainig period 2. Two main reasons why the post-war social welfare has not developed fully and also why the human rights and national/public responsibility has not been clarified until now would be suggested. It is because : 1) we couldn't overcome the problems of the welfare activity under the second world war (kosei-jigyo) 2) we didn't take up the issues of war responsibility clearly to the Asian countries and to the victims of the war in Japan. 3. There seems to exist two aspects in the post-war social welfare system: 1) reformed side under the Occupation 2) Japanese characteristics of social welfare inherited from the pre-war period 4. I would suggest the following items as a further research tasks: 1) to extend social welfare institutions/services and to realize normalization which will cope with the qualitative and quantitative changes of life issues. 2) to improve the basic social security and the social services including home care and institutional care in prepare for the coming aging society. 3) to preserve peace and to recognize the role that we should fill among the Asian countlies. 5. Present social welfare reform tends to be stressing on financial aspect. The principle of post-war social welfare, however, has historical significance, so that it will be necessary now to develop social welfare based on the principles of new national minimum and public responsibility.

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This paper deals with the interpersonal helping professions which include social casework, counseling and psychotherapy. It focusses on the problem of understanding the client by using the perspective of phenomenological sociology, especially the Schutzian approach. Frequently the professional fails to understand the client's reality which is subjectively constructed on the basis of his or her own peculiar "scheme of interpretation." It is not enough for the professional to apply a theoretical framework uncritically to the client, be it psychoanalytic, psychiatric or that of developmental psychology. The uncritical imposition of a theoretical framework may simply provide the professional with an illusion of having understood the client. The paper questions the value of this kind of professionalism and calls for a shift in approach to client-professional relationships which would involve the creation of a new "universe of discourse," jointly constructed by the professional and the client. The client is often locked in his or her own "closed sub-universe" and loses sight of a pathway to the ordinary world, the "paramount reality" of everyday life. The professional is called upon to understand the client's private sub-universe and help the client live with people in the everyday world. In order to understand the client's sub-universe, the professional should step out of his or her professional sub-universe and construct, in collaboration with the client, a common universe of discourse in which they can communicate. Through this communication process they can develop a new scheme of interpretation which will enable the client to reorganize his or her private sub-universe and relate it to the paramount reality of the everyday world. At the same time this new scheme of interpretation will often lead the professional to revise an existing frame of reference or to get a fresh insight for a new theoretical development. However the role of the interpersonal helping professional is not only to bring the client back to the everyday world in which such clients are often treated with prejudice and discrimination. Through helping the client sustain ordinary social relationships with "normal" people, the professional ought also to challenge and so ameliorate the structure of our everyday life-world which is based on the commonsense scheme of interpretation.

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Recently the central and local governments have been reforming the social welfare services which were based on the Constitution of Japan, establishad right after World War II. In regard to the Report of the 2nd Ad Hoc Commission on Administative Reform, the central government stresses several points : the first is the responsibilities of "self-help" of people ; the second is the mobilizing of welfare services industries ; the third is the responsibilities of the local government, especialy the basic automonous administration; the fourth is the reduction of the responsibilities of the central government. Under these conditions, one of the major problems is the reduction of the responsibilities of the central government. We now have to focus on the roles of local government, the community activities and the social welfare rights movement, as well as the co-operation between local government and community activities. I am researching the trends of social welfare policies in Hiroshima prefecture at three levels : the type of policy ; the social welfare services available ; the financial situation during a phase of slow growth after experiencing the oil crisis in 1973. As a result, we found the following points. The first is that the social welfare services of the local government have been deeply cut, more than we thought, by the reductions of the central government. The second is that the local governments have chosen social industrial development policies. So now we have to focus on the social welfare rights movement against these tendencies in order to assist the people who have these problems.

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