What is seen as "no choice" might in fact be injustice. Given such a problem consciousness, this paper looks on justice in social welfare as what must be required to fill in the gap separating the reality that there are persons who are abandoned because of "no choice" and the philosophy that attempts to guarantee the welfare of every "individual" ; this paper then reveals the content. First, we identify reasons to discuss justice in the context of social welfare after recognizing the concept of justice and philosophy of social welfare. Next, to act against the reality approval of "no choice", we take up Derrida's philosophy, which is an attempt to open thought to other possibilities, and Shklar's theory of justice, which develops a theory of justice from the standpoint of the experience of injustice. Then we present ethical justice and political justice guided by the two perspectives described above. Finally, we position justice in social welfare as ethical and political justice comprising ethical justice and political justice, and describe the content from standpoints of 1) meaning, 2) conception, and 3) agreeable reason.

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The purpose of this paper is to reconsider commonly known "less eligibility" on the basis of Bentham' s perspective regarding the concept of "less eligibility". Bentham set up "subsistence" as the end to realize the principle of utility. To achieve this end, he considered that public relief by law was essential. It turned out that the "less eligibility" on the English Poor Law report of 1834 corresponded to the principle regarding limit of relief which could not be separated from the public relief by law. Furthermore, Bentham set up "necessaries of life" and "comfort" as the basic viewpoint in order to carry out the principle regarding the limit of relief. A new reading of the report of 1834 showed that the perspectives shown in wording and logic, were similar to Bentham' s perspectives. And, comparing the perspective of Mr. and Ms. Webb, who named "less eligibility", with the Bentham' s perspectives, it was clear that there were some similarities and differences about both level of benefit and method of relief between the two. It was therefore clarified that there is acutually another "less eligibility".

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Ryoiku facilities (where children with physical disabilities receive medical treatment, rehabilitation and education) became legally established in Japan in 1947 when the country enacted its Child Welfare Law. Although prior work has made clear that the legislation was greatly influenced by Kenji Takagi's Theory of Ryoiku, and that he had consulted the Prussian "Law, Concerning the Public Welfare for Physically Disabled People" (Gesetz, betreffend die offentliche Kruppelfursorge) and its enforcement order in formulating his theory, we have little knowledge of either the details or the overall picture of this law. There is need for a concrete comparison of "Law, Concerning the Public Welfare for Physical Disabled People" and its enforcement order with what Takagi adopted for his theory. This paper discusses the fundamental elements of Kenji Takagi's Ryoiku Theory, which were mainly based on this law and its enforcement, and notes that Takagi critically adopted the law, but centered mostly on medical treatment.

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There has been influence from various philosophies and particular people on Juji Ishii's formation and establishment of the Okayama orphanage. William Booth, the founder of the Salvation Army, is also one such influence. Some researchers on the relation of Ishii and Booth say that Ishii was influenced by Booth and therefore, they focused on the foundation of the Eastern Salvation Army, but so far there have been no researchers who focused on the concepts of "collapsed people" and "colonization". Therefore, the aim of this research paper is to consider what influences Ishii received from Booth's Salvation Army, and how the ideas of " collapsed-people utilization plan" and "colonization" were organized in Ishii inner visions. I will also write about the "heaven" that lies beyond.

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This study aims to explore the methods and process of the support system for children with intellectual disabilities in the relocation from institutionalized living to community-based living, based on four case studies of the children with slight or mild intellectual disabilities who have already relocated. This study first indicates that educational and technical supports are provided for the children to learn their activities of daily living and necessary skills. It was also found that the psychological supports are provided for them to create selfdetermination and have a smooth relocation to community-based living. Based on these findings, the interviews are conducted with six social workers who were involved in the cases. The analysis of interview data identifies three categories based on nine codes : 1. Social workers' caring thoughts 2. Interaction between social workers' caring thoughts and children 3. Actual practice of support Through the interaction of three categories, the determination of the children and the conditions surrounding them are assessed and the support systems are offered as effective methods to relocate the children from institutionalized living to community-based living.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between Quality of Life (QOL) , activities of daily living (ADL) , physical activity and self-rated health in the elderly.The data were obtained through questionnaire distributed to 842 (362 men, 480 women) old people living at home and multiple indicator model using Covariance Structure Analysis were applied to the data. Main findings were as follows : (1) In both sexes, self-rated health was in significant positive relation to QOL (0.74 for men, 0.62 for women). (2) In both sexes, physical activity and ADL were significant positively related to self-rated health(0.63 and 0.44 for men, 0.67 and 0.35 for women), and the state of disease was in significant negative relation to self-rated health (-0.21 for men, -0.30 for women). (3) In both sexes, physical activity was significantly positively related to ADL (0.43 for men, 0.46 for women) , and age and the state of disease were significantly negatively related to ADL (-0.48 and -0.29 for men, -0.45 and -0.21 for women). (4) Perceived benefits of exercise (0.17 for men, 0.19 for women) , self-efficacy for exercise (0.70 for men, 0.78 for women) and social support from friends (0.15 for men, 0.14 for women) were significantly positively related to physical activity.And, age (-0.22 for men, -0.12 for women) and perceived barriers of exercise (-0.17 for men, -0.09 for women) had significant negative relation to physical activity. The results of the analysis showed that doing physical activity and higher ADL improved self-rated health, and, higher self-rated health in turn improved QOL.These results suggest that maintaining or increasing physical activity positively influences QOL in the elderly.

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The aim of this study was to investigate whether care workers' perceptions about care work and environment vary in relation to the number of years since the implementation of unit care systems at special nursing homes. For this purpose, we divided nursing homes into two groups, unit care facilities and non-unit care facilities, and then classified unit care facilities into three categories according to the number of years since the implementation of the unit care system. We sent our survey questionnaire to 3,919 employees of 101 special nursing homes in Osaka Prefecture and 2,859 of them responded. A notable finding of this study was that the implementation of unit care systems improved the overall quality of care work as well as care environment, even though it took several years for the unit care system to contribute to such improvements. Specifically, the negative perceptions about care (as measured with the Burnout Inventory) tended to continue for some time until the unit care system was securely established, and, started to diminish once the system was working properly. This finding leads us to conclude that the implementation of unit care systems could be an effective measure for the improvement of the overall quality of care work and care environment. For this reason, care facilities should encourage the firm establishment of the unit care system so that it can function efficiently as soon as possible

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The purpose of this study is to approach to "Aging" of aged people through what they narrate about it themselves, and to show the issues about care and support for the aged. I conducted semi-structured interviews about "aging" with 10 female residents in a home for the elderly, and analyzed the interview data. The interviews showed that these inhabitants accept their "aging" as a natural process of life with various feelings. They feel their physical and mental decline, and have the anxiety and the conflict which arise from it. They feel happy and relieved in homes for the elderly in spite of the difficulty about the human relations ; moreover they make efforts to spend their time more happily and healthfully. Therefore, some conclusions on the structure of "aging" of female residents in homes for elderly, could be clarified, as well as the ways that homes for the elderly function effectively in this process as an environmental support composed of human and material resources.

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This study aims to clarify the functions of the volunteer as a partner of conversation and communication for senior citizens living at home. The study methods utilized are the qualitative study method and the KJ method for the analysis of the 15 examples of the senior citizens who applied and used this service. The study found five functions, as follows : (1)the emotional support function, (2)the watching and confirming function for safety, (3)the function to prevent from shutting themselves up, (4)the function to enhance living motivation, (5)the function as a partly substitute service for the long-term care insurance service. Some problems were raised in the processes of utilizing this volunteer service, but it was shown that such a service can be helpful and reliable as one of the available service for senior citizens living at home. The volunteer as a partner of conversation and communication for senior citizens living at home would be a helpful service, when the support system is established for the volunteer and the persons concerned with community-based welfare.

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The purpose of this study is to analyze the main factors (particularly community characteristics, gender, and attitudes toward care norms) of elderly community residents' preferences for a combination of formal and informal care (FC/IC-combination-preference). The main findings of our research in A city (N=614) are as follows : 1) the influence of each factor on the FC/IC-combination-preference varied according to the four types of care (i.e. ADL care, IADL care, counseling.and verbal interaction) ; 2) community characteristics influenced the FC/IC-combination-preference in case of IADL care, counseling, and verbal interaction ; living in the newly developed residential area significantly increased the odds of choosing 'mainly formal' over 'mainly informal' than living in a historically residential area ; 3) the presence of a daughter in the vicinity and attitudes toward care norms were related to the four types of FC/IC-combination-preference. Essentially,not having any daughter living nearby as well as having low levels of traditional attitudes toward care norms both significantly increased the odds of choosing 'mainly formal' over 'mainly informal'. Although there are limitations in generalizing the results, these findings are meaningful in that we were able to build a model for FC/IC-combination-preference which includes community characteristics, gender, and attitudes toward care norms.

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This paper aims to examine the impact of Model Rural Development Programme (Japan' s ODA) on the living condition of the poor people of Daudkandi Thana in Kumilla District. Our research is based on the previous studies and our interviews conducted during the year 1999-2008. The poor people have lived in the unions, where the local vested interests have invited MRDP. They have played the role of members of Thana Central Cooperative Association in this programme. Following the experiment of Comilla Model, MRDP has also promoted a modern agricultural production method. The effect of MRDP has increased the production of High Yield Variety of Boro rice in the dry season only. However, due to the introduction of modern agricultural production methods using irrigation pump, a large quantity of water, chemical fertilizer and agrichemicals, the farmers have to bear the considerably high costs of agriculture production. If the farmers are landless or can't pay those costs, MRDP does not involve them in the programme. As a matter of fact, mechanized agricultural production always deprives the daily agricultural laborers of their work. The production of HYV rice has concentrated in the dry season. The effect of this sharply decreases the plantation of traditional varieties of rice in the rainy season. As a result of this, many poor people lose the opportunity of employment in the rainy season. Moreover, the prices of crops rise in this season and many people are forced to borrow money in ordert to purchase food during this time. The trickle down effect on the poor people couldn't be verified by our research. Therefore, the current situation has made an accumulation of mass unemployment and underemployed workers in the area and the poverty problem remained unsolved.

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Objective : To elucidate"differences in perception" among people with ALS, their families, and professionals, such as differences between the problems faced by people with ALS and those perceived by families and professionals, as well as the care desired by people with ALS and the care considered necessary by families and professionals. Study methods : "Differences in perception" were analyzed based on interviews conducted on six sets of people with ALS, their families, and professionals. Results and Discussion : "Differences in perception" existed among people with ALS, their families, and professionals due to "differences in perspective", "differences in knowledge", and "differences in timing between provision and acceptance of care", and these differences led to further "differences in perception", specifically "differences in understanding of illness and disorders", "differences in recognition of problems" and "differences in interpretation of information". Another "difference in perception" was that people with ALS and their families had a "present p.erspective",while professionals had a "future perspective". "Consistency of perceptions" may be achieved by providing suitable information on medicine and treatment at suitable times and providing care according to the "explanatory model" of people with ALS in consideration of these "differences in perceptions".

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This paper presents a case study of the employment of a male subject who is undergoing rehabilitation training for attaining independence and who is suspected to have high-level brain impairment. The subject is Mr. B, a 45-year-old. He wanted to be employed, and even his family wanted his employment so that he could be independent. Therefore, I designed an individual support program to help him secure a job. The support program was conducted with the assistance of a caseworker and the subject's family and lasted from October 2006 to January 2007. After the completion of the program, the subject was able to work at factory C, which is a work training center for individuals with disabilities. A year later, he secured a job with an IT company. It was acknowledged that the subject had overcome his mental disability and could maintain his mental health on his own. This result demonstrates that the support program was effective. However, there are three issues involved. First, it is necessary to follow up with him to ensure that he continues to work. Second, it is suggested that the fees for using the facilities at the work training center for individuals with disabilities be reduced by 10% in order to encourage more individuals to use the facilities at the center. Third, in order to help individuals with higher levels of brain dysfunction, it is necessary to employ caseworkers with special skills.

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The psychological quality of life (QOL) and related factors were studied in patients after stroke. A total of 108 Stroke patients who previously utilized medical/welfare facilities in Oita prefecture were used as the subjects of the study. A survey was conducted by using a questionnaire including 28 items about demographic, medical, life style and social support issues that might influence the psychological QOL with some indicators for psychological QOL based on the outcomes of the research project conducted by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. The results were as follows : There were significant correlations between the psychological QOL and depression, instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) and social support. Compared with personal factors such as independence in ADL, social factors such as interest in social problems and personal relations had relatively greater influence on the psychological QOL of stroke patients at home.

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