Japanese Journal of Grassland Science
Online ISSN : 2188-6555
Print ISSN : 0447-5933
ISSN-L : 0447-5933
Volume 19, Issue 2
Displaying 1-21 of 21 articles from this issue
  • Article type: Cover
    1973 Volume 19 Issue 2 Pages Cover5-
    Published: July 25, 1973
    Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017
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  • Article type: Cover
    1973 Volume 19 Issue 2 Pages Cover6-
    Published: July 25, 1973
    Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017
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  • Article type: Appendix
    1973 Volume 19 Issue 2 Pages App6-
    Published: July 25, 1973
    Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017
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  • Article type: Appendix
    1973 Volume 19 Issue 2 Pages 151-153
    Published: July 25, 1973
    Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017
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  • Takashi UTSUNOMIYA
    Article type: Article
    1973 Volume 19 Issue 2 Pages 154-160
    Published: July 25, 1973
    Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017
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    In this paper the author decided quantitatively the palatable and contributive native plant species to the forage of beef cattle (Japanese Black) in the case of forest grazing. As the whole 106 quadrats (2m×2m) were used in the survey for three years in the: young forest which were mainly composed of Cryptomeria japonica. The total plant species which were appeared were 63 families or 185 species, and 37 families or 103 species (55%) of which were grazed. It was considered that the plants. which were grazed preferably by beef cattle were more palatable ones. So, the author proposed following formula to judge the degree of palatability. (1) Palatability Index=Sum of the index of intake degree of each species/The number of quadrats in which each species appeared The intake degree is changed by kinds of factors, so in this formula it was used as. the averaged one. And further, to judge the contributive species to the forage, summed dominance ratio (SDR-2) as the indicator of standing crop was added to the palatability index, and following formula was proposed. (2) Intake index=Ratio of palatability index of each species to the maximum one×Ratio of SDR-2 of each species to the maximum one×1/100 The order of palatability based on the palatability index were as follows ; Carex ligulata, Miscanthus sinensis, Boehmeria tricuspis, Spodiopogon sibiricus, Hosta lancifolia, Eccoilopus cotulifer, Arundinella hirta, Urtica Thunbergiana, Artemisia vulgaris, Codonopsis ussuriensis, Calamagrostis arundinacea, Carex humilis, Osmunda japonica, Morus bombycis f. spontanea. But the following species were not palatable ; Blechnum niponicum, Benzoin umbellatum, Callicarpa mollis, Cleyera ochnacea, Cryptomeria japonica, Chamaecyparis obtusa, Pinus densiflora. These results agreed well with the observations to the grazing conditions. The most contributive species to the forage judged by the intake index was Miscanthus sinensis. And the supplementary species was as follows ; Boehmeria tricuspis, Osmunda japonica, Pteridium aquilinum, Spodiopogon sibiricus, Carex humilis, Calamagrostis arundinacea, Carex conica, Artemisia vulgaris, Cornus Kousa, Lysimachia clethroides, Clematis apiifolia, Astir ageratoides.
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  • Yasuo MAETA, Yoshisuke MAKI, Rikio HAYAKAWA
    Article type: Article
    1973 Volume 19 Issue 2 Pages 161-170
    Published: July 25, 1973
    Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017
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    Alfalfa leaf-cutting bee, Megachile rotundata was introduced from Idaho, U.S.A., in an attempt to utilize it as a pollinator of alfalfa in Japan. The rearing of this species was conducted in a cage tent (7m×10m×2m) setting up in a large green house, and alfalfa plants were supplied as pollen, nectar, and leaf sources. As the nesting materials, the three sizes of bee straws (4.0mm×8.0cm, 5.0mm×8cm, and 5.5mm×8cm) and the grooved boards (6mm×10cm) were used. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the damage of leaf cuttings by the founding bees. 1. Two sizes of elongate leaf pieces, viz. the large (A-1) and the small (A-2) were used for the cup of provisioned cells and the circular ones (B-1) for the cap of provisioned cells. A closing plug was composed by the small elongate (C-1) and the circular leaf pieces (C-2), but the former exceeded greatly in number. 2. The average number of leaf pieces used for the nest construction is tabulated as follows: [table] 3. The average dimension and weight of each type of leaf pieces are tabulated as follows: [table] 4. According to Tirigari (1963), the number of eggs oviposited by one alfalfa leafcutting bee was 12〜52 (mean 28). If one female made total 28 provisioned cells by using 4 bee straws of 5mm×8cm, she needs total 476 leaf pieces. The total weight of these leaf pieces corresponds to 1.0456g. In the United States it is noted that 1, 000〜2, 000 bees per acre should be enough for excellent pollination. If we kept the above number of bees and each bee made 28 provisioned cells during her. life-span, they would collect more than 1kg of leaf pieces for the construction. 5. Judging from the above estimation, the damage of leaf cuttings by the founding bees seems to be quite slight. Besides, the fact that this species is found to collect the etiolated leaf pieces is taken in account, the actual damage may be disregarded.
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  • Masako HIDAKA
    Article type: Article
    1973 Volume 19 Issue 2 Pages 171-174
    Published: July 25, 1973
    Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017
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    Rumex obtusifolius is noxious weed in tame pasture. In order to obtain the information for controlling the weed, the research was undertaken on its seed productivity and the invading source into tame pasture. Rumex came into flower from 3 to 14, June in Nishinasuno, Tochigi Pref. and the seeds came to mature about four weeks after the flowering time. The number of the Rumex seeds produced was very large-about 10, 000 per plant. It is apparent, compared with other references, that the flowering and maturing time depends on the climatic conditions, especially on temperarure. Previously, it was said that Rumex would invade tame pasture by means of the mixture with ladino clover seeds. So the mixture ratio of Rumex seeds in the commercial pasture plant seeds sold in Japan was examined. The pasture plant seeds, except for white clover, slightly contained other plant seeds and inert matter. Especially in ladino clover seed, there was no contamination of Rumex seed, whereas red clover and orchardgrass contained a few Rumex seed per 50g of the commercial seeds. These results indicate that the seed contamination could not be a dominant source of Rumex in tame pasture. Therefore, Rumex in tame pasture originates in the seeds produced by wild Rumex around the pasture.
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  • Nam K. CHANG, Shigeharu YOSHIDA
    Article type: Article
    1973 Volume 19 Issue 2 Pages 175-193
    Published: July 25, 1973
    Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017
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    To elucidate the physiological response to environmental factors seasonal changes of productive structure of a Sasa paniculata type grassland in Kamishihoro were investigated from July to October in 1970, using the stratified-clip method. The results obtained in this study are summarized as follows: 1. When the leaf-area grows up according to the logistic equation (1), vertical accumulation of leaf-area in a plant community are expressed as the equation (2). Therefore, the light interception in the foliage is given by the general dynamic equation (4). 2. Light interception at the maximum growing-point of leaf-area is given by the equation (7). 3. In the case of this Sasa type grassland, at the maximum growing-point of leaf-area the relative light intensity through a leaf plane ranged from 45.4% to 24.9% and hence the amount of light interception by the Sasa leaves ranged from 54.5% to 75.1%. Therefore, about 55% of the illumination above the canopy is required by Sasa paniculata in order to maintain its growth. 4. The most of nutrient elements, which plants are able to absorb, are supplied by L, F, H and A_0 layers and thread roots develop into the direction of the higher contents of nutrient elements 5. The most major elements of available state were included in surface soil, while minor elements were supplied by both surface and deep soils. 6. Crude protein and ash contents in leaves and thread roots were higher than those in stems, rhizomes and roots, and crude fiber and NFE in stems were higher than those in leaves, rhizomes, roots and thread roots, while crude fat in leaves was the highest of all above- and under-ground parts. 7. Crude protein in rhizomes, roots and thread roots, crude fat in leaves, rhizomes, roots and thread roots, crude fiber in leaves and stems, NFE in rhizomes, roots and thread roots, and crude ash in leaves, rhizomes, roots and thread roots increased throughout the growing season but crude protein in leaves and stems, crude fat in stems, crude fiber in rhizomes, NFE in leaves and stems, and crude ash in stems decreased respectively. 8. The pattern of seasonal changes of major element contents in each organs differed from one another, especially in the case of N in leaves, P in rhizomes, K in stems and Mg in rhizomes. 9. The contents of Na, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Co and Ni in thread roots were the highest , of those in above- and under-ground parts and fluctuation of their seasonal contents was remarkable, 10. The season peak of standing crops in dry weight of leaves, stems, live above-ground parts, total above-ground parts, rhizomes, roots, thread roots, total roots, live under-ground parts, total under-ground parts, total live parts and total were 609.0, 1,738.8, 2,347.8, 2,895.2, 1,771.0, 475.5, 1,175.6, 1,641.8, 3,307.8, 3,711.3, 5,665.6 and 6,363.9g/m^2 respectively. These seasonal peaks of thread roots, total roots and total under-ground parts were observed in October and the other organs were shown in September. 11. The productive structure of the Sasa type grassland in Kamishihoro was presented in Fig. 10 and the pattern of its seasonal change was compared with one another.
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  • Fumitake KUBOTA, Waichi AGATA, Etuo KAMATA
    Article type: Article
    1973 Volume 19 Issue 2 Pages 194-200
    Published: July 25, 1973
    Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017
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    Using red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) sward, we examined the influence of plant density on dry matter production in forage plant population experimentally and theoretically. The results are as follows: 1. Though the efficiency of dry matter production on individual plant was high under low plant density condition, this efficiency on the plant population was high under high plant density condition. This tendency was indicated strongly during the early stage after cutting. The main cause for these facts was that the high density condition was superior to the low density condition in leaf area production after cutting. 2. The amount of dry matter production and CGR were calculated by eq. (8) and (9). The influence of plant density on the dry matter production was examined and analysed from the viewpoint of CO_2 balance in the plant population. From these calculations, it was clear that the high efficiency of dry matter production was shown during the early stage after cutting in the case of high density and during the late stage in the case of low density condition of the sward. These facts indicate that the efficiency of dry matter production will be heigher, if the cutting is made relatively short interval in the case of high density condition and is made relatively long interval in the case of low density condition of the sward. It is supposed from the results calculated by eq. (8) and (9) that the maximum plant density in red clover sward under the normal cultivated condition (about 60 days interval of cutting) is 400-500 plants per m^2.
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  • Fumitake KUBOTA, Waichi AGATA, Etuo KAMATA
    Article type: Article
    1973 Volume 19 Issue 2 Pages 201-207
    Published: July 25, 1973
    Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017
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    In this paper, selecting tall fescue (Festica arundinacea SCHR.) as a test plant among the forage grasses which indicate sensitive response for the manure, we examined interaction between cutting frequency and manuring amount on the dry matter production experimentally and theoretically from the viewpoint of CO_2 balance in plant population. The results are as follows: 1. It was clear experimentally that the manuring effect on the efficiency of dry matter production of tall fescue was shown more intensely under the high frequency of cutting than under the low frequency. 2. Among the many factors relating to the dry matter production of forage grass, the manuring effect was mainly shown on the amount of photosynthesis of single leaf and on the rate of leaf area increase after cutting. These two factors acted advantageously on the dry matter production under the heavy manuring condition. 3. The amount of dry matter production and crop growth rate (CGR) under various manuring conditions were calculated by eq. (8) and (9). It was also clear from the viewpoint of CO_2 balance in forage plant population that the manuring effects on the efficiency of dry matter production were shown more intensely in the case of high frequency of cutting.
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  • Kanoe SATO
    Article type: Article
    1973 Volume 19 Issue 2 Pages 208-214
    Published: July 25, 1973
    Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017
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    Each one clone sward of timothy (TM), orchardgrass (OR), reed canarygrass (RC) and tall fescue (TF) grown for two years was used to compare the production structure at each heading stage when the initial harvest was cut at 10 and 0cm height and to trace the following dry matter and protein production with 4 and 5 cutting frequency during the season. Two types of production structure were recognized ; TF and OR, which had a greater leaf distribution towards the base of plant, and RC and TM, which had a relatively uniform vertical distribution of leaf. These leaf distribution was associated with the number and the variance of internode length. Total nitrogen concentration of both leaf-blade and leaf-sheath plus stem was highest at the top of canopy, declining gradually towards the base. TAC concentration of leaf-sheath plus stem, on the contrary, gradually increased towards the base, especially high near the ground surface, mostly due to the accumulation of fructosan. TF and OR, TM and RC, respectively, are also similar in vertical trend of concentrations and contents of these substances. TF contained much nitrogen in the leaf-sheath plus stem, while RC accumulated much of it in the leaf-blade, OR and TM were intermediate in this respect. Sol-N/Tot-N ratio gradually increased towards the base, while Total sugar/Fructosan ratio decreased towards the base in RC and TM. In TF and OR it was highest at the top or at the middle of canopy. Dry matter and CP yields at the initial harvest were TM>OR>RC>TF in order when cut at 10cm level, but TF yielded more than RC when cut at 0cm level. The regrowth during 3 weeks after the initial harvest cut at 10cm level was TF>OR>RC>TM in order. The total yield during the season of dry matter and CP was higher when cut at ground surface than cut at 10cm level, probably because of less freqency of cutting with enough rest period after the initial harvest. The highest yield was obtained in RC cut at 0cm level, because of higher growth rate at the latter part of the season due to vigorous regrowth from rhizomes.
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  • Kei AKATSUKA, Susumu SUGIHARA
    Article type: Article
    1973 Volume 19 Issue 2 Pages 215-221
    Published: July 25, 1973
    Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017
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    Orchard grass and Ladino clover were grown in pure and mixed stands using resin cylinders which were filled with Iwate volcanic ash soil and placed in field. ^<15>N-labelled nitrogen in form of ammonium sulfate was applied to them at the three levels equivalent to 10, 20 and 50kg N/10a per year. The results of this experiment were summarized as follows: The same amount of fertilizer nitrogen was recovered both in grass-clover mixture and pure grass stand. In grass-clover mixture, the uptake of fertilizer nitrogen by grass was not affected so much with clover accompanied, but the presence of grass reduced the uptake of fertilizer nitrogen by clover. The nitrogen recoveries by grass-clover mixture were 36% for basal and 70, 50 and 50% for top dressing in spring, summer and fall respectively. With increasing nitrogen application, grass became dominant. The nitrogen recoveries by plants for the application of 10, 20 and 50kg N/10a were 47, 51 and 52% respectively.
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  • Ryosaku ISHIDA, Masatoshi SHIMAMURA, Muneo OIKAWA
    Article type: Article
    1973 Volume 19 Issue 2 Pages 222-227
    Published: July 25, 1973
    Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017
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    In order to clarify the process of decrease of density in sown grassland, two clones of orchardgrass namely semi-erect form and prostrate form were prepared to make the population in the fall of 1970. Several individuals of a clone were planted at spacing of 20×20cm. in a plot size of which was 1.2m×1.2m. Each clone was treated with two, levels of fertilizer applications. Cutting frequency was four times in a year, 1st June 7 (full heading time), 2nd July 16, 3rd Aug. 25, 4th Nov. 8, and height of cutting was 10cm above the soil surface. The trend of individual plant growth, the correlations between before and after cutting on several characters and the influence of adjacent plants upon the growth of an individuals were evaluated. The results are summarized as follows ; 1) In heavy fertilized plots the coefficients of variation of plants weight and number of tillers per plant in the population were increased during four times of cutting (Table 1). 2) A high correlation was found between and after cutting on the plant weight and number of tillers per plant, suggesting that in general the plant which have large number of tillers and weight have a tendency to regrow with large number of tillers and weight after cutting (Table 2). However, there were changes of order in individual weight through. the four cuttings, especially in individuals having about average plant weight of a population. In individuals of the greatest and the smallest plant weight, the order little changed. during the season (Fig.1). 3) Changes of order of plant weight seemed to be influenced by the adjacent individuals. It was shown that if an individual have a greater weight and number of tillers than the adjacent plants, it will grow more vigorously than the adjacents and if it is smaller than the adjacent plants its growth will be inferior to the adjacents (Fig.2).
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  • Hiroshi KOBAYASHI, Taito SASAKI
    Article type: Article
    1973 Volume 19 Issue 2 Pages 228-234
    Published: July 25, 1973
    Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017
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    In the present paper, we deal with the changes in physical properties of subsoil due to mechanical operations, especially, concerned with the method of plowing, as a part of the studies on the mechanical method of grassland establishment. The soil of this experiment is volcanic ash soil in Kamikita region, Aomori Prefecture. The results are summarized as follows ; 1. In case of the brush breaker plowing method, it was observed that disturbed soil layer was 70cm in the depth. In this layer, soil porosity decreased from 80% to 60%, and the coefficiet of permeability decreased to the order of 10^<-5>cm/s, that was only onetenth of the original. 2. In case of the harrowing method, disturbed soil layer was about 15cm in the depth, and the effect of this disturbance was small. The decrease in soil porosity content was only 5%, and the soil permeability showed one-half reduction. 3. As a result of slaking test, stability to water immersion of subsoil decreased to 70% by the plowing and this did not recover to the original level even after one year of the work. 4. The above results show that grassland foundation just after mechanical operation is unstable to water immersion.
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  • Hiroshi KOBAYASHI, Taito SASAKI, Tadashi KOITABASHI
    Article type: Article
    1973 Volume 19 Issue 2 Pages 235-241
    Published: July 25, 1973
    Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017
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    As a part of studies on the mechanical method in grassland establishment, we deal with the growth of grasses and legumes on newly reclaimed soil. The soil of the present experiment was volcanic ash soil in Kamikita region, Aomori Prefecture. 1. When the field was remained to be unfertilized, the growth of the grasses and. legumes was very poor even on the humus-rich surface soil. 2. Ladino clover showed normal growth on the subsoil if it was treated with lime and P fertilizers, and the growth of Orchardgrass and Kentucky 31 fescue was also normal on the subsoil if it was treated with N, P and K fertilizers. 3. When all of the above fertilizers were applied to obtain a target yield of which. the total fresh matter weight was 6, 000kg/10a, the actual results on sub and surface: soil were 9400 and 11200kg respectively. 4. Humus content showed significant increase in subsoil after grasses and legumes grew vigorously. 5. From these experimental results, it was concluded that the target yield of grasses and legumes could be easily obtained by the ordinary fertilization levels even in the exposed subsoil after mechanical clearing.
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  • Tsutomu SAKUMA, Tadayuki SHIMANUKI, Ken-ichi SUGINOBU
    Article type: Article
    1973 Volume 19 Issue 2 Pages 242-244
    Published: July 25, 1973
    Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017
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  • Isamu HARADA
    Article type: Article
    1973 Volume 19 Issue 2 Pages 245-256
    Published: July 25, 1973
    Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017
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    The common alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) originated in Southwest Asia, and is found as a wild plant scattered over central Asia and even into Siberia. It is believed that alfalfa was first cultivated in Iran. Alfalfa is undoubtedly a highly productive plant, yielding high amounts of dry matter. In many experiments, alfalfa has outyielded other pasture species by a considerable margin. Alfalfa is also high in minerals, particularly in calcium. It also is high in vitamins, especially carotens. Alfalfa is remarkably well-adapted to a wide range of climatic and soil conditions. However, it is best adapted to deep loam soils with porous subsoils. Good drainage for alfalfa is essential. It also requires large amounts of lime, and it does not do well on soils which are decidedly acidic. Alfalfa grows extremely well in dry climates on fertile soils where there is sufficient moisture available, such from irrigation. The main center of the world production of cultivated alfalfa is in North America, where the United States and Canada combined grow approximately one-half of the estimated world acreage. The soil nutrients required for the growth of alfalfa are much the same as for other plants, but the availability of these nutrients differ with soil and weather conditions. Mineral deficiency symptoms and below-normal and normal concentrations of nutrients in the herbage can be ascertained when alfalfa responds to those nutrients. From the studies made by many researchers, the relationships between the kind of soil and the deficiencies most commonly occurring are clear and well known. Methods of mineral analysis in soil and plant of significance for plant growth have been studied. Thus, from these chemical analysis and plant symptoms of nutrient deficiency, we can ascertain the problems of alfalfa growth and can thereby correct them.
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  • Article type: Appendix
    1973 Volume 19 Issue 2 Pages 257-258
    Published: July 25, 1973
    Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017
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  • Article type: Appendix
    1973 Volume 19 Issue 2 Pages 259-
    Published: July 25, 1973
    Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017
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  • Article type: Cover
    1973 Volume 19 Issue 2 Pages Cover7-
    Published: July 25, 1973
    Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017
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  • Article type: Cover
    1973 Volume 19 Issue 2 Pages Cover8-
    Published: July 25, 1973
    Released on J-STAGE: July 07, 2017
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