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Article type: Cover
1999 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
1999 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
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Article type: Index
1999 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
1999 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
i-iii
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Yoshiaki IIJIMA, Yuzo KUROKAWA
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
203-209
Published: October 31, 1999
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A field experiment was carried out to clarify 1) the seasonal pattern of broadleaf dock growth and propagation and the factors by which these are afected, and 2) the influence of broadleaf dock on grass yields in a grazing pasture. From spring to autumn, DM yields of grass decreased and those of broadleaf dock increased. The coverage of broadleaf dock increased remarkably after the summer of 1995. The population density of plants except for seedling (plants that had more than one leaf) gradually increased during the two-year period of observation. The density of seedlings (plants that had just one or no leaves) increased during or just after the grazing periods and decreased after that time. In autumn of 1994 only, a remarkable increase in the density of seedlings occurred. The density of buried seeds of broadleaf dock increased in summer and decreased in autumn. The negative correlation between grass yields and properties of broadleaf dock was evident in each season, and became more pronounced after summer. Among the properties of broadleaf dock, the correlation of coverage of broadleaf dock with grass yields was highest. On the basis of our results, we described the seasonal patterns of growth and propagation of broadleaf dock in our grazing pasture and discussed the effects of some factors (stocking intensity, etc.) on them. The negative effect of broadleaf dock on grass yields in each season was calculated and was discussed.
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Taiji EMOTO, Hajime IKEDA
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
210-216
Published: October 31, 1999
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This study was conducted to clarify the relationships between the persistency and tillering habits of two contrasting grass species, Italian ryegrass (IR) and perennial ryegrass (PR). In this study, tillers of both species were divided into two groups, internode-elongatingtillers (ET) contributing to seed production, and internode-non- elongating tillers (NT) conferring clonal propagation and persistency of a plant. Seasonal changes of the quantitative population dynamics of the two groups were also examined. The number of ET in PR did not appear to increase in the second year after sowing,and the IR tillers emerged in the following spring after sowing, and grew into ET in that same year. On the other hand, the number of NT in PR increased rapidly after the heading period, but it was difficult to observe any increase in IR. It is clear that the number of tillers that emerged, but the died without developing, namely non-bearing tillers, in NT, tended to be larger than ET in IR, on the contrary, non bearing tillers in ET tended to be larger than NT in PR. As for seasonal changes in dry weight composition among the organs in the tillers, the amount of ET leaves in IR was higher than in PR, whereas the weight of NT roots in PR was higher than that of IR in the autumn. The results show that IR was superior to PR in the establishment of heading stems, but that PR was superior to IR in longevity by the continued production of new tillers. The heading period in IR was both earlier and longer than in PR, but the emergence of roots in NT was earlier in PR than in IR. Thus the differences between the two grass species was found in the time and durations of the growth events in this study.
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Qingsheng CAI, Yasuyuki ISHII, Koji ITO
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
217-225
Published: October 31, 1999
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To further clarify the determinant factors of tiller composition before wintering on overwintering ability among Panicurn grasses, (i. e. Natsukaze, Gatton and Green panic in P. maximum and Makarikari grass, Tamidori and Tayutaka in P. coloratum) cutting and fertilizing treatments were conducted. In all treatments, the varieties ranked Makarikari-grass> Tayutaka and Gatton>Green panic for their overwintering ability which was evaluated by the index of overwintering (IOW, determined by the regrowth ratios of both plant and tiller number in spring to those in early winter), while Natsukaze and Tamidori were unable to overwinter. Among the four varieties which did overwinter, the IOWs were improved by increasing midway cutting from once to twice, when plants were cut firstly in late July and secondly in early September, but they were not improved if the second cut was delayed later than September. The improvement in the IOWs by an increase in fertilization was positive in Gatton and Makarikari-grass, but was slightly negative in Green panic and Tayutaka. These results for the improvement in the IOWs under both treatments were verified to be mainly associated with the decrease in the percentage of reproductive tillers, and the increase in the number of vegetative tillers possessing a certain number of green leaves before wintering. These results also suggested for maintaining a certain amount of green leaves to accumulate photosynthate before wintering under the favorable tiller composition.
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Suguru SAIGA, Fumiaki FUJIWARA, Yoshie NISHIMURA, Mikinori TSUIKI
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
226-232
Published: October 31, 1999
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Energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX) is a convenient method for analyzing mineral compositions of forage, especially when sample size is limiting. This requires, however, that the sample is a representative of the whole plant in mineral concentrations. To find which organ is best suited for estimating whole plant mineral concentrations, two experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1, the relationships between several organs and whole plant magnesium (Mg) concentration were investigated using wet chemical analysis. Magnesium concentrations of whole plant were closely correlated with those of leaf sheaths, stubbles and lower leaf blades. In Experiment 2, Mg densities for three orchardgrass groups selected for contrasting herbage Mg concentration were analyzed using EDX. Tissue Mg densities differed most among groups for leaf sheath at Harvest 1 and in leaf sheath, leaf blade and stubble at Harvest 3. Leaf sheath appeared to be the most suitable organ for estimating whole plant Mg using EDX analysis.
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Nariyasu WATANABE, Aya NISHIWAKI, Kazuo SUGAWARA
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
233-237
Published: October 31, 1999
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Carex albata Boott is a native weed of sown pasture, but the invasion strategy of C. albata seeds in the pasture is unknown. To know the effects of bare ground formed in the pasture on dormancy breaking of C. albata seeds, we made three treatment plots; the plot removed both aboveground organ of plants and litter layer (artificial bare ground plot), the plot covered by litter after removal of aboveground organ (litter cover plot), the plot maintained both aboveground organ and litter layer (control plot). We investigated the number and species of seedlings germinating from buried seeds, soil temperature and photon flux density in the three plots. The buried seeds of C. albata were released from the dormancy only in the artificial bare ground plot. On the other hand, some buried seeds of Rumex obtusifolius germinated in the litter cover plot, although many seeds germinated in the artificial bare ground plot. In Anthoxanthum odoratum and Agrostis alba, the number of seedlings was not significantly different between the artificial bare ground plot and the litter cover plot. Moreover, many seeds of A. odoratum were able to germinate even in the control plot. The amplitude of temperature fluctuation in surface soil was ranked, control<litter cover< artificial bare ground plots. The photon flux density was greater in the artificial bare ground plot than the other two plots. Thus we consider as follows. Only the artificial bare ground plot filled conditions of both light and temperature for breaking the dormancy of C. albata seeds. Bare ground plays an important role of invasion of C. albata into the pasture.
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Manabu TOBISA, Yasuhiro KAWAMOTO, Yasuhisa MASUDA
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
238-247
Published: October 31, 1999
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The aim of this work was to clarify the effects of waterlogging treatment on growth and nitrogen fixation of Aesch!momene (A. americana L. cv. Glenn, A. americana L. CPI93574, A. americana L. CPI106906, A. villosa L. CPI 91209 and A. villosa L. CPI93621) and Macroptilium (M. lathyroides (L.) Urb. cv. Murray., phasey bean and M. atropurpureum (DC.) Urb. cv. Siratro., siratro). Plants were established in pots containing sandy soil. Experiment was conducted from the seven days after germination till 37 days and these 30 days of period was divided into 3 periods of 10 days. Five waterlogging treatments, 0-10th day (I period), 10-20th day (II period), 20-30th day (III period), 0-30th day (long period) and O day (no waterlogging as control), were provided. Dry matter yield and nitrogen fixation activity of plants were measured on the 0, 10, 20 and 30th day after the start of waterlogging treatment. Nitrogen contents in the plant of long period waterlogging treatment were determined on the 30th day. In both I and II periods of waterlogging, plant growth of all species were higher than those of control. In the III period waterlogging, plant growth of all species were similar to those of control. In the long period waterlogging, plant growth of phasey bean, Glenn, 93574 and 106906 were significantly higher (P< 0.05) than those of control during the experimental period. But, plant growth of siratro showed decreases with long period waterlogging treatment, when compared with control. Results of growth analysis revealed that net assimilation rate (NAR) and/or leaf area ratio (LAR) in all waterlogging treatments of Aeschynomene and phasey bean were higher than those of respective control. Nitrogen fixation activity and nodule dry matter weight in all the waterlogging treatments of Aeschynomene and phasey bean were higher than those of control. Nitrogen percentage in plants in long period waterlogging treatment of phasey bean, Glenn, 93621 and 106906 were higher than those of control. Nitrogen contents in plants in long period waterlogging treatment of Aeschynomene and phasey bean were higher than those of control.
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Manabu TOBISA, Masataka SHIMOJO, Kaoru OKANO, Yasuhisa MASUDA
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
248-256
Published: October 31, 1999
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Growth potentials of tropical forage legume Aeschynomene introduced recently from Australia were evaluated under drained paddy field and upland field conditions from 1993 to 1995. Three Aeschynomene strains (A. americana L. cv.Glenn, CPI 93556 and cv. Lee) and phasey bean (Macroptilium lathyroides (L.) Urb CV. Murray.) were sown in the drained paddy field and upland field on June 1 every year. Growth characteristics were measured at intervals of 15-20th days from July to November to draw growth curves. Dry matter yields of Glenn and 93556, annual plant, increased greatly from September to October. Dry matter yields of Aeschynomene in the drained paddy field cut at October were higher in 1994 than in the other two years, owing to higher solar radiation and longer sunshine hour. Dry matter yields of Aeschynomene in the drained paddy field were higher than those in the upland field in 1994 and 1995. Dry matter yields of Aeschynomene were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of phasey bean in October. Results of growth analysis revealed that leaf area index (LAI) of Aeschynomene was higher than that of phasey bean from September to October. Plant length, the number of main stem branches, that of petioles and leaf area of Aeschynomene greatly increased until October. In addition, plant length, the number of petioles and leaf area of Aeschynomene grown in the drained paddy field were higher than those in the upland field. Acetylene reduction activity and nodule dry matter weight of Aeschynomene increased until October, and they were higher in the drained paddy field than in the upland field. Nodule dry matter weight was correlated positively (P<0.01) with leaf area and leaf dry matter weight in Aeschynomene.
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Ichirou OTANI, Naoyuki YAMAMOTO, Shigeki ENTSU
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
257-263
Published: October 31, 1999
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Effect of spring-sowing herbage species on the establishment of Zoysia japonica Steud. and forage production during establishment of Z. japonica pasture was investigated in the warm temperate region of Japan. Sods of Z. japonica planted and seeds of herbage species sowed in March 1995. The extent of establishment of Z. japonica was determined by visual observation of coverage and frequency of occurrence after clipping the herbage. Frequency and coverage of Z. japonica where herbage species were not sown (control treatment) increased rapidly in the first year,reaching 100% in May and July of the second year, respectively. On the other hand, frequency and coverage of Z. japonica where herbage species were sown (sown treatment) were relatively low in the first year and increased slowly in the second year. In the second year, the coverage of Z. japonica in September was significantly negatively correlated with the coverage of herbage species in June, July and August in sown treatments. Dry matter production of Z. japonica in the control treatment was 42g/m^2 in the first year when it did not produce any yield in the sown treatments, and 396 g/m^2 in the second year, when it was 4-57 times higher than the production in sown treatments. In sown treatments, 926-1,669 g/m^2 of forage was produced by sown herbage species in the first year and 555-1,004g/m^2 in the second year. It was therefore apparent that shading and competition for nutrient and water by sowing herbage species during the establishment of Z. japonica to increase forage production suppressed the growth of Z. japonica. Thus, establishment of Z. japonica was completed earier with little weed and the warm temperate condition where herbage species are not sown.
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Taizo UCHIDA, Toshihiro SUGIURA, Hiroshi KOBAYASHI
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
264-269
Published: October 31, 1999
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The depression of common reed (Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin) by cattle grazing is required for an effective diversion of abandoned paddy fields. In the present study, 72-hour-grazing of two heads of cattle was repeated in a common reed dominated paddy field (10 a) at an interval of approximately one month in order to find a method of depressing common reed vegetation by cattle grazing. The results are summarized as follows; (1) The common reed regenerated numerous aerial shoots at a certain period after the grazing treatment to compensate for the aboveground organs lost by grazing. (2) The majority of aerial shoots regenerated after the grazing treatment originated from vertical rhizomes which sprouted in abundance during the growing period. (3) The number of dormant buds attached to rhizomes decreased as vertical rhizomes sprouted as aerial shoots. This indicated that the number of aerial shoots formed and/or compensated would decrease in the future. (4) Bulk density of the rhizomes, indicating the amount of subterranean reserve substances, decreased as vertical rhizomes sprouted as aerial shoots. Based on the above results, we conclude that cattle grazing at regular intervals is effective method of weakening and depressing common reed vegetation because vertical rhizomes sprout as aerial shoots numerously at a certain period after the grazing treatment.
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Kazuhisa NONAKA, Tadashi NAKUI, Tomoko OHSHITA
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
270-277
Published: October 31, 1999
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The aim of this study was to determine the optimal number of wrapping film layers and optimal moisture content for preserving the quality of low moisture round bale silage. Timothy silage was used in the experiments. The numbers of film layers used for wrapping were 2, 4, 6 or 2+2 (2 layers wrapped in the usual direction followed by 2 layers wrapped in the reverse direction). The moisture contents of the silage were 20, 40 or 50%. No mold was observed after 2 months in silage bales wrapped with 4 or 6 film layers. The mean temperatures at the center of those bales ranged from 25 to 30℃. Silage fermentation was poor, but V score increased as the DM content increased. The DMI values of silage with 20, 40, 50% moisture contents and of hay made from the same herbage as that used for silage were 49, 53, 43 and 51 g/ kgBW^<0.75>/d, respectively. After 11 months of storage, mold was not observed in silage bales wrapped in 4, 6 or 2+2 film layers, and there were no differences in chemical composition or fermentation characteristics between those silage bales. However, an abundance of surface mold was observed in silage bales wrapped in 2 film layers. The temperature of the silage wrapped in film layers that had intentionally ripped rose to 48℃, and mold had grown around the rip after only one week. The results of this study showed that the quality of round bales of low-moisture timothy silage can be preserved by wrapping the bales in at least four layers of film that has no rips.
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Kiichi FUKUYAMA, Koji ITO
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
278-284
Published: October 31, 1999
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The mechanisms responsible for the difference in the post heading dry matter production between guineagrass (GN) and green panic (GG) was analyzed in terms of the number, weight and development of heading tillers. The plant dry weight increased in both GN and GG with time after heading, showing a greater rate of increase in GN than in GG. The tiller number per plant also increased in both grasses, mainly owing to the increase in the number of higher nodal-position tillers (HP) which had lower tiller weights than lower-nodal-position tillers. The number of HP was greater in GG than in GN. The expanded leaf number before flag leaf formation of the heading tiller decreased in both grasses as the heading stage progressed, with a greater rate of decline in GG than in GN. Because the weight of individual heading tillers decreased as the total leaf expansion decreased, GG, which showed a larger decline in the expanded leaf number before flag leaf formation, produced more heading tillers of smaller weight with time after heading. Thus, it was shown that the developmental dynamics of the heading tillers was an important factor characterizing the post-heading dry matter production in the two grasses.
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Tadashi TAKAHASHI, Astushi NOMIYAMA, Eiji HOSOI, Shinobu OZAWA
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
285-289
Published: October 31, 1999
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To establish an approach to improve the persistency of Japanese lawn grass in grassland, changes in foliage yield and stolon's reserved carbohydrate content were examined at different cutting heights and frequencies from March until November in 1996. Cuttings at two weeks intervals at 0cm and 3cm height above the ground level and at four and six weeks intervals at 3cm height, designated as 0cm・2wks, 3cm・2wks, 3cm・4wks and 3cm・6wks, respectively, were conducted. The foliage yield was lower in 0cm・2wks than in 3cm・2wks, especially in June and July. The stolon's reserved carbohydrates were also lower by 37% in 0 cm・2wks than in 3cm・2wks in early November. On the other hand, the total foliage yield was higher by 18% in 3cm・4wks and in 3cm・6wks than in 3cm・2wks, while the stolon's reserved carbohydrates were lower by 20% and 7% in 3cm・4wks and 3cm・6wks, respectively, than in 3cm・2wks in early November. The infrequent cutting for improving the productivity may make the persistency worse by lowering the reserved carbohydrate level in the Japanese lawn grass sward.
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Masayuki YAMASHITA, Hitoshi SAWADA, Toshihiko YAMADA
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
290-298
Published: October 31, 1999
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Forty-four naturalized populations and 26 cultivars of perennial ryegrass collected from Japan, France and Germany were compared for isozyme diversity at 5 loci. Allelic frequencies were different at some loci among groups based on the nation of origin. Of the total genetic diversity 88% remained within populations (Hs) while only 12% was distributed among populations (D_<ST>). There were no differences of the genetic diversity between naturalized populations and cultivars, and among groups from Japan, France and Germany. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to estimate genetic diversity within and between populations at much more loci. Japanese naturalized populations had lower genetic diversity than French populations. The level of between-population differentiation in Japan was lower than that in France and Germany. The difference of the genetic diversity in Japan and Europe was discussed taking historical factors into account. Japanese naturalized populations tended to be larger in plant length and leaf length, and more resistant to disease. They are expected to be germplasms for adaptation to the environments in Japan.
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Yoshihito SUNAGA, Hisatomi HARADA, Tetsuya HATANAKA
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
299-303
Published: October 31, 1999
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The method of estimating nitrate nitrogen concentration of the standing corn (Zea mays L.) in yellow-ripe stage was developed using the equation by Harada et al. that is, nitrate nitrogen concentration of the whole plant on the basis of dry matter can be closely estimated by multiplying the concentration factor by the dilution factor. The concentration factor is nitrate nitrogen concentration of the stem on the basis of fresh matter and the dilution factor is dry matter partitioning ratio of stem divided by dry matter rate of stem. Our results showed concentration factor was significantly correlated with nitrate nitrogen concentration in the juice squeezed from cuts of stems of 10mm thickness at a height of 50cm aboveground (correlation coefficient: 0.871, p< 0.001). The regression equation was found as Y = 0.45 X +0.008 (Y: concentration factor, X: nitrate nitrogen concentration in stem juice). On the other hand, it had been reported that dilution factor decreased as milkline depression score increased. Dilution factor could be estimated by the milkline depression score. To use the relationship between dilution factor and milkline depression score easily, in this paper we made a conversion table. Consequently, nitrate nitrogen concentrations of corn which calculated from both factors estimated could be well corresponded to the values analyzed by ion-chromatography (coefficient of determination: 0.774). Rapid determination of nitrate nitrogen in stem juice was also examined by use of a simple reflection photometer (RQflex), which can read color depth of test paper for nitrate within a minute. The results showed that nitrate nitrogen concentrations in stem juice determined by RQflex had a good correlation with those by ionchromatography method. We concluded RQflex could be useful for rapid determination of nitrate nitrogen in stem juice.
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Taizo UCHIDA, Miwako GOTOH, Junkoh MARUYAMA
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
304-319
Published: October 31, 1999
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The total area of wetland in Japan has been declining due to recent trends in the development of agricultural land. Moreover, a large area of this wetland has been damaged by farmland wastes. Therefore, it is becoming increasingly important to establish a method for developing farmland in wetland with special consideration towards the growth of hydrophytes. The purpose of this study is to propose a method of farmland development which will not influence the existing hydrophytes in a negative Way. After choosing communities of hydrophytes, such as Phragmites australis, Carex lyngbyei, Sphagnum and Alnus japonica, in a multivariate analysis we were able to determine the main factors necessary to maintain these communities. These factors are:decomposition of the soil, soil acidity, water contamination, and soil fertility and they are largely dependent on the amount of soluble nutrients, as well as the degree of the watertable fluctuation. Based on the above results, it is clearly important to consider the outflow of soluble nutrients and change of water-table fluctuation for the preservation of the existing hydrophyte communities when developing farmland within a large wetland area.
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Yoshifumi TAMURA, Kazuhiro MATOBA, Akihide FUSHIMI
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
320-322
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
1999 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
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Article type: Cover
1999 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
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Article type: Cover
1999 Volume 45 Issue 3 Pages
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